But it is a sickening revelation, even to those who have for years back been steeped to the lips in this Dead Sea literature. Few or none will have realized, we believe, till they look into this Directory as a whole, how infinitely varied have been the devices of the tormentors of animals, how relentless the diligence of these explorers of living tissues, these harpists whose instruments are quivering nerves, these diggers into living brains who leave them “like lately-hoed potato fields.” Not the poor humble frogs alone, of which we are wont to hear, but every class of sensitive and intelligent animal seems to be in turn the victim of pitiless experiment,--the commonest of all being the most loving servants of mankind. Not one organ of their beautiful frames but has been chosen for the explorations of a dozen enquirers, and mangled, burned, torn out, or inoculated with some horrible disease. The well-known maladies which result from human drunkenness and vice have been cunningly conveyed to dogs and apes. The breasts of mother brutes nursing their young have been cut off, and the mutilated creatures dropped back to die among their little ones whom they can no longer feed. Pregnant animals have been continually cut open. An Italian physiologist (Mosso) injects putrified human brains into animals. The eyes are chosen as the special seats for inoculation, because, through the transparent body the processes of disease can be most easily watched. Balbiani varnished the skins of dogs, so that after long hours in which all exudation was stopped, the creatures expired--stewed, as it were, in their own blackened blood. Claude Bernard and Alfred Richet baked them alive in stoves constructed for that hideous purpose. Paul Bert and Cyon place them under atmospheric pressures till a dog comes out stiffened all over “like a piece of wood.” Brown-Séquard and Brondgeest cut the spinal cords of guinea-pigs and rabbits, and Chauveau opens the spinal canal of horses and irritates the roots of the nerves. Nasse injects salt into the veins, and Watson Cheyne injects micrococci into the eyes. Blondlot and Heidenhain establish fistulas. Aufrecht endeavours to create kidney disease, and Köbner leprosy. Bacchi and Donders pour acetic acid on the nerves of the eyes. Audigé, Colin, Miss Adams, Gréhaut, and Gscheidlen, experiment on various animals with mineral and vegetable poisons; and Fayrer, Brunton, and Lacerda with that of snakes. The bile ducts of dogs and cats are ligatured by Wickham Legg and Rutherford. Skulls of monkeys and dogs are opened and the brains mutilated and stimulated with electricity by Ferrier, Yeo, Horsley, Schäfer, Goltz, Hitzig, Fritsch, Golgi, Grützner, Günther Leyden, Hermann, Lovèn, Munk, Longet, Luchsinger, Ott, and Vulpian; and the stomach, heart, liver and spleen, are cut into and diversely dissected alive by a whole host of physiologists, Roy, Gaskell, Lépine, Pellacani, Cohnheim, Marey, Martin, Colasanti, Panum, Moleschott, and Flint.