All these values are empirical and conditioned. But he who believes in them and who honours them, _refuses_ to acknowledge this aspect of them. All philosophers believe in these values, and one form their reverence takes is the endeavour to make _a priori truths_ out of them. The falsifying nature of _reverence_.... Reverence is the supreme test of intellectual _honesty,_ but in the whole history of philosophy there is no such thing as intellectual honesty,--but the "love of goodness ..." On the one hand, there is an absolute _lack of method_ in testing the value of these values; _secondly,_ there is a general disinclination either to test them or to regard them as conditioned at all.--All _anti-scientific_ instincts assembled round moral values in order to _keep science out_ of this department.... 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS IN THE CRITICISM OF PHILOSOPHY. 461. _Why philosophers are slanderers._--The artful and blind hostility of philosophers towards the _senses_--what an amount of _mob_ and _middle-class_ qualities lie in all this hatred! The crowd always believes that an abuse of which it feels the harmful results, constitutes an _objection_ to the thing which happens to be abused: all insurrectionary movements against principles, whether in politics or agriculture, always follow a line of argument suggested by this ulterior motive: the abuse must be shown to be necessary to, and, inherent in, the principle. It is a _woeful_ history: mankind looks for a principle, from the standpoint of which he will be able to contemn man--he invents a world in order to be able to slander and throw mud at this world: as a matter of fact, he snatches every time at nothing, and construes this nothing as "God," as "Truth," and, in any case, as judge and detractor of _this_ existence.... If one should require a proof of how deeply and thoroughly the actually _barbarous_ needs of man, even in his present state of tameness and "civilisation," still seek gratification, one should contemplate the "leitmotifs" of the whole of the evolution of philosophy:--a sort of revenge upon reality, a surreptitious process of destroying the values by means of which men live, a _dissatisfied_ soul to which the conditions of discipline is one of torture, and which takes a particular pleasure in morbidly severing all the bonds that bind it to such a condition.