_Criticism of modern man_:--"the good man," but corrupted and misled by bad institutions (tyrants and priests);--reason elevated to a position of authority;--history is regarded as the surmounting of errors;--the future is regarded as progress;--the Christian state ("God of the armies");--Christian sexual intercourse (as marriage);--the realm of "justice" (the cult of "mankind");--"freedom." The _romantic_ attitudes of the modern man;--the noble man (Byron, Victor Hugo, George Sand);--taking the part of the oppressed and the bungled and the botched: motto for historians and romancers;--the Stoics of duty;--disinterestedness regarded as art and as knowledge;--altruism as the most mendacious form of egoism (utilitarianism), the most sentimental form of egoism. All this savours of the eighteenth century. But it had other qualities which were not inherited, namely, a certain _insouciance,_ cheerfulness, elegance, spiritual clearness. The spiritual tempo has altered; the pleasure which was begotten by spiritual refinement and clearness has given room to the pleasure of colour, harmony, mass, reality, etc. etc. Sensuality in spiritual things. In short, it is the eighteenth century of Rousseau. 63. Taken all in all, a considerable amount of _humanity_ has been attained by our men of to-day. That we feel this is in itself a proof of the fact that we have become so sensitive in regard to small cases of distress, that we somewhat unjustly overlook what has been achieved. Here we must make allowances for the fact that a great deal of decadence is rife, and that, through such eyes, our world _must appear_ bad and wretched. But these eyes have always seen in the same way, in all ages. (1) A certain hypersensitiveness, even in morality. (2) The quantum of bitterness and gloominess, which pessimism bears with it in its judgments--both together have helped to bring about the preponderance of the other and _opposite_ point of view, that things are not well with our morality. The fact of credit, of the commerce of the world, and the means of traffic--are expressions of an extraordinarily mild _trustfulness_ in men.... To that may also be added-- (3) The deliverance of science from moral and religious prejudices: a very good sign, though for the most part misunderstood. In my own way, I am attempting a justification of history. 64. _The second appearance of Buddhism._--Its precursory signs: the increase of pity. Spiritual exhaustion. The reduction of all problems to the question of pleasure and pain. The glory of war which calls forth a counter-stroke. Just as the sharp demarcation of nations generates a counter-movement in the form of the most hearty "Fraternity." The fact that it is impossible for religion to carry on its work any longer with dogma and fables. The _catastrophe of Nihilism_ will put an end to all this Buddhistic culture. 65.