The consequence of _Nihilism_ (disbelief in all values) as a result of a moral valuation:--_We have grown to dislike egotism_ (even though we have realised the impossibility of altruism);--_we have grown to dislike what is most necessary_ (although we have recognised the impossibility of a _liberum arbitrium_ and of an "intelligible freedom"[1]). We perceive that we do not reach the spheres in which we have set our values--at the same time those other spheres in which we live have _not_ thereby gained _one iota_ in value. On the contrary, we are _tired,_ because we have lost the main incentive to live. "All in vain hitherto!" 9. "Pessimism as a preparatory state to Nihilism." 10. A. Pessimism viewed as strength--_in what respect?_ In the energy of its logic, as anarchy, Nihilism, and analysis. B. Pessimism regarded as collapse--_in what sense?_ In the sense of its being a softening influence, a sort of cosmopolitan befingering, a "tout comprendre," and historical spirit. _Critical tension_: extremes make their appearance and become dominant. 11. _The logic of Pessimism leads finally to Nihilism: what is the force at work?_--The notion that _there are no values,_ and _no purpose_: the recognition of the part that moral valuations have played in all other lofty values. Result: _moral valuations are condemnations, negations; morality is the abdication of the will to live...._ [Footnote 1: This is a Kantian term. Kant recognised two kinds of Freedom--the practical and the transcendental kind. The first belongs to the phenomenal, the second to the intelligible world.--TRANSLATOR'S NOTE.] 12. THE COLLAPSE OF COSMOPOLITAN VALUES. _A._