The whole of "inner experience" is founded on this: that a cause is sought and imagined which accounts for a certain irritation in our nerve-centres, and that it is only the cause which is found in this way which reaches consciousness; this cause may have absolutely nothing to do with the real cause--it is a sort of groping assisted by former "inner experiences," that is to say, by memory. The memory, however, retains the habit of old interpretations,--that is to say, of erroneous causality,--so that "inner experience" comprises in itself all the results of former erroneous fabrications of causes. Our "outside world," as we conceive it every instant, is indissolubly bound up with the old error of cause: we interpret by means of the schematism of "the thing," etc. "Inner experience" only enters consciousness when it has found a language which the individual can _understand_--that is to say, a translation of a certain condition into conditions with which he is _familiar;_ "understand" means simply this: to be able to express something new in the terms of something old or familiar. For instance, "I feel unwell"--a judgment of this sort presupposes a _very great and recent neutrality on the part of the observer:_ the simple man always says, "This and that make me feel unwell,"--he begins to be clear concerning his indisposition only after he has discovered a reason for it.... This is what I call _a lack of philological_ knowledge; to be able to read a text, _as such,_ without reading an interpretation into it, is the latest form of "inner experience,"--it is perhaps a barely possible form.... [Footnote 1: When in our dream we hear a bell ringing, or a tapping at our door, we scarcely ever wake before having already accounted for the sound, in the terms of the dream-world we were in.--TR.] 480. There are no such things as "mind," reason, thought, consciousness, soul, will, or truth: they all belong to fiction, and can serve no purpose. It is not a question of "subject and object," but of a particular species of animal which can prosper only by means of a certain _exactness,_ or, better still, _regularity_ in recording its perceptions (in order that experience may be capitalised).... Knowledge works as an _instrument_ of power. It is therefore obvious that it increases with each advance of power....