(6) Absolute knowledge regarded as the faculty of consciousness, wherever knowledge exists at all. _Consequences:_-- Every step forward consists of a step forward in consciousness; every step backwards is a step into unconsciousness (unconsciousness was regarded as a falling-back upon the _passions_ and _senses--_as a state of _animalism ..._.) Man approaches reality and real being through dialectics: man _departs_ from them by means of instincts, senses, and automatism.... To convert man into a spirit, would mean to make a god of him: spirit, will, goodness--all one. _All goodness_ must take its root in spirituality, must be a fact of consciousness. Every step made towards _something better_ can be only a step forward in _consciousness._ (g) Judgment. True--false. 530. Kant's theological bias, his unconscious dogmatism, his moral outlook, ruled, guided, and directed him. The πρῶτον ψεῡδος: how is the fact knowledge possible? Is knowledge a fact at all? What is knowledge? If we do not _know_ what knowledge is, we cannot possibly reply to the question, Is there such a thing as knowledge? Very _fine!_ But if I do not already "know" whether there is, or can be, such a thing as knowledge, I cannot reasonably ask the question, "What is knowledge?" Kant _believes_ in the fact of knowledge: what he requires is a piece of _naïveté: the knowledge of knowledge!_ "Knowledge is judgment." But judgment is a belief that something is this or that! And not knowledge! "All knowledge consists in synthetic judgments" which have the character of being _universally true_ (the fact is _so_ in all cases, and does not change), and which have the character of being _necessary_ (the reverse of the proposition cannot be imagined to exist). The _validity_ of a belief in knowledge is always taken for granted; as is also the _validity_ of the feelings which conscience dictates. Here _moral ontology_ is the _ruling_ bias. The conclusion, therefore, is: (1) there are propositions which we believe to be universally true and necessary. (2) This character of universal truth and of necessity cannot spring from experience. (3) Consequently it must base itself upon no experience at all, _but upon something else_, it must be derived from another source of knowledge! Kant concludes (1) that there are some propositions which hold good only on one condition; (2) this condition is that they do not spring from experience, but from pure reason.