First comes the clicking machine. This has a cutting board resembling that used by the hand workmen. Over this is a beam containing a cutting die under which the leather is passed. At every descent of the die a piece of leather is cut out of the skin of the size and shape needed for the upper leather of a shoe. Thus in an instant is done what was slowly done by a sharp knife moved around a pattern in the old method. [Illustration: IN THE DAYS OF THE AWL, LAPSTONE AND HAMMER] [Illustration: AMAZEEN SKIVING MACHINE] [Illustration: CROSS-SECTION OF GOODYEAR WELT SHOE, SHOWING THE DIFFERENT PARTS AND THEIR RELATION TO EACH OTHER] [Illustration: INSOLE TACKING MACHINE] [Illustration: IDEAL CLICKING MACHINE] [Illustration: DUPLEX EYELETING MACHINE] [Illustration: ENSIGN LACING MACHINE] [Illustration: REX PULLING-OVER MACHINE] [Illustration: REX UPPER TRIMMING MACHINE] [Illustration: CROWN TIP PUNCHING MACHINE] [Illustration: BED LASTING MACHINE] [Illustration: GOODYEAR UNIVERSAL INSEAM TRIMMING MACHINE] [Illustration: TACK-PULLING AND RESETTING MACHINE] [Illustration: CONSOLIDATED HAND METHOD WELT LASTING MACHINE] [Illustration: IMPROVED SOLE LAYING MACHINE] [Illustration: STAR CHANNEL CEMENTING MACHINE] [Illustration: GOODYEAR AUTOMATIC SOLE LEVELING MACHINE] [Illustration: AMERICAN LIGHTNING NAILING MACHINE] The piece of leather thus cut out is next passed under the skiving machine, which shaves down its edges to a bevel, the thinned edge being then folded, after which the toe caps are passed through a punching machine which cuts a series of ornamental perforations along the edge of the cap. The linings of the shoe are then prepared and put in place and the whole goes to the stitchers, by which all the parts of the upper are united. This is done by a range of machines, which perform the varied operations with wonderful rapidity and accuracy. The eyelets are next added by a machine which places them in both sides of the shoe at the same time and directly opposite each other, this operation finishing the upper part of the shoe. The sole leather portions of the shoe pass through another series of machines, being cut from sides of sole leather by the dieing-out machine, cut to exact shape by the rounding machine and to exact thickness by the splitting machine, and then toughened by passing under a heavy rolling machine. These and other machines complete the soles and heels, which are finally sent to the making or bottoming room, where the completed shoe uppers await them.