THE WONDER BOOK OF VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES [Illustration: MOUNT VESUVIUS IN ERUPTION] THE WONDER BOOK OF VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES BY Professor EDWIN J. HOUSTON, Ph.D. NEW YORK FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY Publishers Copyright, 1907, by FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY _All rights reserved_ _October, 1907_ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We take this opportunity of acknowledging the courtesy of the following publishers, who have helped us in connection with the illustrations of this book:-- Henry Holt and Company ("Physiography," by Rollin D. Salisbury). D. Appleton and Company (Figs. 13, 35, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 and 46, "Volcanoes: What They Are and What They Teach," by J. W. Judd; Fig. 15, "Principles of Geology," by Sir C. Lyell). The American Book Company ("Manual of Geology," by James Dwight Dana). G. P. Putnam's Sons ("Earthquakes in the Light of the New Seismology," by C. E. Dutton). The Clarendon Press ("Geology: Chemical, Physical, and Stratigraphical," by Joseph Prestwich). THE PUBLISHERS. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. THE VOLCANIC ERUPTION OF KRAKATOA IN 1883 1 II. SOME EFFECTS OF THE ERUPTION OF KRAKATOA 12 III. THE VOLCANIC ISLAND OF HAWAII 26 IV. THE VOLCANIC ISLAND OF ICELAND 46 V. VESUVIUS 58 VI. OTHER VOLCANOES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN 73 VII. ORIZABA, POPOCATEPETL, IXTACCIHUATL, AND OTHER VOLCANOES OF MEXICO 85 VIII. COSEGUINA AND OTHER VOLCANOES OF CENTRAL AMERICA 91 IX. THE VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS OF SOUTH AMERICA 97 X. VOLCANOES OF THE UNITED STATES 105 XI. THE CATASTROPHE OF MARTINIQUE AND THE VOLCANIC ISLANDS OF THE LESSER ANTILLES 117 XII. SOME OTHER NOTED VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS 125 XIII. JORULLO, A YOUNG VOLCANIC MOUNTAIN 130 XIV. MID-OCEAN VOLCANIC ISLANDS 137 XV. SUBMARINE VOLCANOES 141 XVI. DISTRIBUTION OF THE EARTH'S VOLCANOES 148 XVII. VOLCANOES OF THE GEOLOGICAL PAST 153 XVIII. LAPLACE'S NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS 157 XIX. THE EARTH'S HEATED INTERIOR, THE CAUSE OF VOLCANOES 165 XX. SOME FORMS OF LAVA 178 XXI. MUD VOLCANOES AND HOT SPRINGS 193 XXII. THE VOLCANOES OF THE MOON 207 XXIII. EARTHQUAKES 219 XXIV. SOME OF THE PHENOMENA OF EARTHQUAKES 231 XXV. THE EARTHQUAKE OF CALABRIA IN 1783 245 XXVI. THE GREAT LISBON EARTHQUAKE OF 1755 252