The history of civilization teaches us that its gradual evolution is bound up with three different processes: (1) Association of individuals in a community; (2) division of labor (ergonomy) among the social elements, and a consequent differentiation of structure (polymorphism); (3) centralization or integration of the unified whole, or rigid organization of the community. The same fundamental laws of sociology hold good for association throughout the entire organic world; and also for the gradual evolution of the several organs out of the tissues and cell-communities. The formation of human societies is directly connected with the gregariousness of the nearest related mammals. The herds of apes and ungulates, the packs of wolves, the flocks of birds, often controlled by a single leader, exhibit various stages of social formation; as also the swarms of the higher articulates (insects, crustacea), especially communities of ants and termites, swarms of bees, etc. These organized communities of free individuals are distinguished from the stationary colonies of the lower animals chiefly by the circumstance that the social elements are not bodily connected, but held together by the ideal link of common interest. VIII FORMS OF LIFE Morphology--Laws of symmetry--Fundamental forms of animals and plants--Fundamental forms of protists and histona--Four chief classes of fundamental forms: (1) Centrostigma: vesicles (smooth vesicle and tabular vesicle); (2) Centraxonia: typical forms with central axis--Uniaxial (monaxonia, equipolar and unequipolar)--Transverse-axial (stauraxonia, double-pyramidal and pyramidal); (3) Centroplana: fundamental forms with central plane--Bilateral symmetry--Bilateral-radial and bilateral-symmetrical fundamental forms--Asymmetrical fundamental forms; (4) Anaxonia: irregular fundamental forms--- Causes of form-construction--Fundamental forms of monera, protists, and histona--Fundamental form and mode of life--Beauty of natural forms--Æsthetics of organic forms--Art forms in nature.