relation with these. │ │ 6. The innumerable cells which │ 6. The innumerable phronetal make up the phronema--the │ cells, as the microscopic phronetal cells--are │ elementary parts of the the elementary organs of │ phronema, are, it is true, the cognitive process: the │ indispensable instruments possibility of knowledge │ of the cognitive process, depends on their normal │ but not its real factors--merely physical texture and chemical │ finer parts of its composition. │ instrument. │ 7. The physical process of │ 7. The metaphysical process of knowledge consists in the │ knowledge consists in the combination or association │ combination or association of presentations, the │ of presentations, which are first sources of which are │ only partly traceable to the impressions transmitted │ sense-impressions, and are to the sense-centres. │ partly supersensual, transcendental │ processes. │ 8. Hence all knowledge originally │ 8. Hence knowledge is of two comes from experience, │ kinds: empirical and _a by means of the │ posteriori_ knowledge, obtained organs of sense; partly │ by experience, and directly (direct experience, │ transcendental _a priori_ observation, and experiment │ knowledge, independent of of the present), │ experience. Mathematics partly indirectly (historical │ especially belongs to the and indirectly transmitted │ latter class, its axioms past experiences). │ differing from empirical All knowledge (even mathematical) │ truths by their absolute is of empirical │ certainty. origin and _a posteriori_. │ II LIFE Definition of life--Comparison with a flame--Organism and organization--Machine theory of life--Organisms without organs: monera--Organization and life of the chromacea--Stages of organization--Complex organisms--Symbolic organisms--Organic compounds--Organisms and inorganic bodies compared in regard to matter, form, and function--Crystalloid and colloid substances--Life of crystals--Growth of crystals--Waves of growth--Metabolism--Catalysis--Fermentation--Biogenesis--Vital force--Old and new vitalism--Palavitalism--Antivitalism--Neovitalism.