_a._ auricle; _v._ ventricle; _abr._ branchial artery; _c´._ carotid; _ad._ aorta; _s._ branchial clefts; _sv._ sinus venosus; _dc._ ductus Cuvieri; _n._ nasal pit.] The excretory system commences with the formation of a segmental duct, formed by a constriction of the parietal wall of the peritoneal cavity. The anterior end remains open to the body cavity, and forms a pronephros (head kidney). On the inner side of and opposite this opening a glomerulus is developed, and the part of the body cavity containing both the glomerulus and the opening of the pronephros becomes shut off from the remainder of the body cavity, and forms a completely closed Malpighian capsule. The mesonephros (Wolffian body) is late in developing. The unpaired fins arise as simple folds of the skin along the dorsal and ventral edges, continuous with each other round the end of the tail. The ventral fold ends anteriorly at the anus. The dorsal and anal fins are developed from this fold by local hypertrophy. The caudal fin[21], however, undergoes a more complicated metamorphosis. It is at first symmetrical or nearly so on the dorsal and ventral sides of the hinder end of the notochord. This symmetry is not long retained, but very soon the ventral part of the fin with its fin rays becomes much more developed than the dorsal part, and at the same time the posterior part of the notochord bends up towards the dorsal side. [21] In addition to the paper by Alex. Agassiz (No. 55) _vide_ papers by Huxley, Kölliker, Vogt, etc. In some few cases, _e.g._ Gadus, Salmo, owing to the simultaneous appearance of a number of fin rays on the dorsal and ventral side of the notochord the external symmetry of the tail is not interfered with in the above processes. In most instances this is far from being the case. [FIG. 36. THREE STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TAIL OF THE FLOUNDER (PLEURONECTES). (After Agassiz.) A. Stage in which the permanent caudal fin has commenced to be visible as an enlargement of the ventral side of the embryonic caudal fin. B. Ganoid-like stage in which there is a true external heterocercal tail. C. Stage in which the embryonic caudal fin has almost completely atrophied. _c._ embryonic caudal fin; _f._ permanent caudal fin; _n._ notochord; _u._ urostyle.]