The works of Francis Maitland Balfour, Volume 3 (of 4) : $b A treatise on comparative embryology: VertebrataBalfour, Francis M. (Francis Maitland)
Science
The works of Francis Maitland Balfour, Volume 3 (of 4) : $b A treatise on comparative embryology: Vertebrata
Balfour, Francis M. (Francis Maitland)
Embryology; Zoology
In the Flounder, which may serve as a type, the primitive symmetry is
very soon destroyed by the appearance of fin rays on the ventral side.
The region where they are present soon forms a lobe; and an externally
heterocercal tail is produced (fig. 36 A). The ventral lobe with its
rays continues to grow more prominent and causes the tail fin to
become bilobed (fig. 36 B); there being a dorsal embryonic lobe
without fin rays (_c_), which contains the notochord, and a ventral
lobe with fin rays, which will form the permanent caudal fin. In this
condition the tail fin resembles the usual Elasmobranch form or still
more that of some Ganoids, _e.g._ the Sturgeon. The ventral lobe
continues to develop; and soon projects beyond the dorsal, which
gradually atrophies together with the notochord contained in it, and
finally disappears, leaving hardly a trace on the dorsal side of the
tail (fig. 36 C, _c_). In the meantime the fin rays of the ventral
lobe gradually become parallel to the axis of the body; and this lobe,
together with a few accessory dorsal and ventral fin rays supported by
neural and hæmal processes, forms the permanent tail fin, which though
internally unsymmetrical, assumes an externally symmetrical form. The
upturned end of the notochord which was originally continued into the
primitive dorsal lobe becomes ensheathed in a bone without a division
into separate vertebræ. This bone forms the urostyle (_u_). The hæmal
processes belonging to it are represented by two cartilaginous masses,
which subsequently ossify, forming the hypural bones, and supporting
the primary fin rays of the tail (fig. 36 C). The ultimate changes of
the notochord and urostyle vary very considerably in the different
types of Teleostei. Teleostei may fairly be described as passing
through an Elasmobranch stage or a stage like that of most
pre-jurassic Ganoids or the Sturgeon as far as concerns their caudal
fin.
The anterior paired fins arise before the posterior; and there do not
appear to be any such indications as in Elasmobranchii of the paired
fins arising as parts of a continuous lateral fin.
Most osseous fishes pass through more or less considerable
post-embryonic changes, the most remarkable of which are those
undergone by the Pleuronectidæ[22]. These fishes, which in the adult
state have the eyes unsymmetrically placed on one side of the head,
leave the egg like normal Teleostei. In the majority of cases as they
become older the eye on the side, which in the adult is without an
eye, travels a little forward and then gradually rotates over the
dorsal side of the head, till finally it comes to lie on the same side
as the other eye. During this process the rotating eye always remains
at the surface and continues functional; and on the two eyes coming to
the same side of the head the side of the body without an organ of
vision loses its pigment cells, and becomes colourless.
[22] _Vide_ Agassiz (No. 56) and Steenstrup, Malm.
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