The Works of George Berkeley. Vol. 1 of 4: Philosophical Works, 1705-21Berkeley, George
Philosophy
The Works of George Berkeley. Vol. 1 of 4: Philosophical Works, 1705-21
Berkeley, George
Philosophy -- Early works to 1800
108. In order to get clear of this seeming difficulty, we need only
observe that diversity of visible objects does not necessarily infer
diversity of tangible objects corresponding to them. A picture painted
with great variety of colours affects the touch in one uniform manner; it
is therefore evident that I do not, by any necessary consecution,
independent of experience, judge of the number of things tangible from the
number of things visible. I should not therefore at first opening my eyes
conclude that because I see two I shall feel two. How, therefore, can I,
before experience teaches me, know that the visible legs, because two, are
connected with the tangible legs; or the visible head, because one, is
connected with the tangible head? The truth is, the things I see are so
very different and heterogeneous from the things I feel that the
perception of the one would never have suggested the other to my thoughts,
or enabled me to pass the least judgment thereon, until I had experienced
their connexion(396).
109. But, for a fuller illustration of this matter, it ought to be
considered, that number (however some may reckon it amongst the primary
qualities(397)) is nothing fixed and settled, really existing in things
themselves. It is entirely the creature of the mind, considering either a
simple idea by itself, or any combination of simple ideas to which it
gives one name, and so makes it pass for a unit. According as the mind
variously combines its ideas, the unit varies; and as the unit, so the
number, which is only a collection of units, doth also vary. We call a
window one, a chimney one; and yet a house, in which there are many
windows and many chimneys, has an equal right to be called one; and many
houses go to the making of one city. In these and the like instances, it
is evident the _unit_ constantly relates to the particular draughts the
mind makes of its ideas, to which it affixes names, and wherein it
includes more or less, as best suits its own ends and purposes. Whatever
therefore the mind considers as one, that is an unit. Every combination of
ideas is considered as one thing by the mind, and in token thereof is
marked by one name. Now, this naming and combining together of ideas is
perfectly arbitrary, and done by the mind in such sort as experience shews
it to be most convenient—without which our ideas had never been collected
into such sundry distinct combinations as they now are.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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