The Works of George Berkeley. Vol. 1 of 4: Philosophical Works, 1705-21Berkeley, George
Philosophy
The Works of George Berkeley. Vol. 1 of 4: Philosophical Works, 1705-21
Berkeley, George
Philosophy -- Early works to 1800
145. Add to this that whenever we make a nice survey of any object,
successively directing the optic axis to each point thereof, there are
certain lines and figures, described by the motion of the head or eye,
which, being in truth perceived by feeling(446), do nevertheless so mix
themselves, as it were, with the ideas of sight that we can scarce think
but they appertain to that sense. Again, the ideas of sight enter into the
mind several at once, more distinct and unmingled than is usual in the
other senses beside the touch. Sounds, for example, perceived at the same
instant, are apt to coalesce, if I may so say, into one sound: but we can
perceive, at the same time, great variety of visible objects, very
separate and distinct from each other. Now, tangible(447) extension being
made up of several distinct coexistent parts, we may hence gather another
reason that may dispose us to imagine a likeness or analogy between the
immediate objects of sight and touch. But nothing, certainly, does more
contribute to blend and confound them together, than the strict and close
connexion(448) they have with each other. We cannot open our eyes but the
ideas of distance, bodies, and tangible figures are suggested by them. So
swift, and sudden, and unperceived is the transit from visible to tangible
ideas that we can scarce forbear thinking them equally the immediate
object of vision.
146. The prejudice(449) which is grounded on these, and whatever other
causes may be assigned thereof, sticks so fast on our understandings, that
it is impossible, without obstinate striving and labour of the mind, to
get entirely clear of it. But then the reluctancy we find in rejecting any
opinion can be no argument of its truth, to whoever considers what has
been already shewn with regard to the prejudices we entertain concerning
the distance, magnitude, and situation of objects; prejudices so familiar
to our minds, so confirmed and inveterate, as they will hardly give way to
the clearest demonstration.
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147. Upon the whole, I think we may fairly conclude(450) that the proper
objects of Vision constitute the Universal Language of Nature; whereby we
are instructed how to regulate our actions, in order to attain those
things that are necessary to the preservation and well-being of our
bodies, as also to avoid whatever may be hurtful and destructive of them.
It is by their information that we are principally guided in all the
transactions and concerns of life. And the manner wherein they signify and
mark out unto us the objects which are at a distance is the same with that
of languages and signs of human appointment; which do not suggest the
things signified by any likeness or identity of nature, but only by an
habitual connexion that experience has made us to observe between
them(451).
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