The Works of George Berkeley. Vol. 1 of 4: Philosophical Works, 1705-21Berkeley, George
Philosophy
The Works of George Berkeley. Vol. 1 of 4: Philosophical Works, 1705-21
Berkeley, George
Philosophy -- Early works to 1800
30. The ideas of Sense are more strong, lively, and distinct than those of
the Imagination(582); they have likewise a steadiness, order, and
coherence, and are not excited at random, as those which are the effects
of human wills often are, but in a regular train or series—the admirable
connexion whereof sufficiently testifies the wisdom and benevolence of its
Author. Now the set rules, or established methods, wherein the Mind we
depend on excites in us the ideas of Sense, are called _the laws of
nature_; and these we learn by experience, which teaches us that such and
such ideas are attended with such and such other ideas, in the ordinary
course of things.
31. This gives us a sort of foresight, which enables us to regulate our
actions for the benefit of life. And without this we should be eternally
at a loss: we could not know how to act anything that might procure us the
least pleasure, or remove the least pain of sense. That food nourishes,
sleep refreshes, and fire warms us; that to sow in the seed-time is the
way to reap in the harvest; and in general that to obtain such or such
ends, such or such means are conducive—all this we know, not by
discovering any _necessary connexion_ between our ideas, but only by the
observation of the _settled laws_ of nature; without which we should be
all in uncertainty and confusion, and a grown man no more know how to
manage himself in the affairs of life than an infant just born(583).
32. And yet this consistent uniform working, which so evidently displays
the Goodness and Wisdom of that Governing Spirit whose Will constitutes
the laws of nature, is so far from leading our thoughts to Him, that it
rather sends them wandering after second causes(584). For, when we
perceive certain ideas of Sense constantly followed by other ideas, and we
know this is not of our own doing, we forthwith attribute power and agency
to the ideas themselves, and make one the cause of another, than which
nothing can be more absurd and unintelligible. Thus, for example, having
observed that when we perceive by sight a certain round luminous figure,
we at the same time perceive by touch the idea or sensation called heat,
we do from thence conclude the sun to be the _cause_ of heat. And in like
manner perceiving the motion and collision of bodies to be attended with
sound, we are inclined to think the latter the _effect_ of the
former(585).
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