The Works of the Emperor Julian, Vol. 1Julian, Emperor of Rome
Religion
The Works of the Emperor Julian, Vol. 1
Julian, Emperor of Rome
Speeches, addresses, etc., Greek -- Translations into English
Julian followed Plotinus and Iamblichus in making the supreme principle
the One (ἓν) or the Good (τὸ ἀγαθὸν) which presides over the intelligible
world (νοητὸς κόσμος), where rule Plato’s Ideas, now called the
intelligible gods (νοητοὶ θεοί). Iamblichus had imported into the Neo‐
Platonic system the intermediary world of intellectual gods (νοεροὶ θεοί).
On them Helios‐Mithras, their supreme god and centre, bestows the
intelligence and creative and unifying forces that he has received from
his transcendental counterpart among the intelligible gods. The third
member of the triad is the world of sense‐perception governed by the sun,
the visible counterpart of Helios. What distinguishes Julian’s triad(610)
from other Neo‐Platonic triads is this hierarchy of three suns in the
three worlds: and further, the importance that he gives to the
intermediary world, the abode of Helios‐Mithras. He pays little attention
to the remote intelligible world and devotes his exposition to Helios, the
intellectual god, and the visible sun. Helios is the link that relates the
three members of the triad. His “middleness” (μεσότης) is not only local:
he is in every possible sense the mediator and unifier. μεσότης is the
Aristotelian word for the “mean,” but there is no evidence that it was
used with the active sense of mediation before Julian. A passage in
Plutarch however seems to indicate that the “middleness” of the sun was a
Persian doctrine: “The principle of good most nearly resembles light, and
the principle of evil darkness, and between both is Mithras; therefore the
Persians called Mithras the Mediator” (μεσίτης).(611) Naville has pointed
out the resemblance between the sun as mediator and the Christian Logos,
which Julian may have had in mind. Julian’s system results in a
practically monotheistic worship of Helios, and here he probably parts
company with Iamblichus.
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