[9] _Odyssey_, vi. 10. [10] _Iliad_, ix. 404. [11] _Odyssey_, viii. 79-81. [12] _Iliad_, i. 39. [13] _Iliad_, v. 445-448, vi. 297-310. [14] Od. vii. 81. [15] _Ibid_. ii. 305, 306. Mr. Murray supposes that the author of Iliad, i. 39, is later than the author of Iliad, i. 446 ff. The "earlier" poet of i. 446 makes Chryses sacrifice many oxen in the open air. The "later" author of i. 39 makes Chryses talk of roofing a temple. "The writer of that line did not observe that in his original there had been no temple, only an altar. To him an altar implied a temple, so he took the temple for granted" (_R. G. E._ p. 150). By such devices is the Iliad torn into tatters, later and earlier. Surely a god may have a temple, though the slaughter of hundreds of oxen is not carried on within its walls! [16] _Iliad_, iii. 292-310, xix. 250-268. [17] _Ibid_. vi. 297-301. Mr. Leaf remarks that "it is needless to seek for Athenian inspiration" in this passage. [18] _R. G. E._ p. 123, for another view. [19] See _R. G. E._ pp. 123, 124, for the religious vow of celibacy. [20] _Odyssey_, vol. ii. p. 362. [21] _Iliad_, i. 311-316. [22] Miss Harrison, _Proleg. Greek Rel_. p. 29. [23] _Laws_, ix. 865. [24] Hdt. i. 35. [25] _Eumenides_, 273. [26] _Proleg. Greek Religion_, 59, 60, quoting Athenaeus, ix. 78, 409 E, who cites two writers on Athenian rites, Kleidemus and Doritheus. Miss Harrison supposes that the ghost drinks the blood of the slain animal, washed off the body of the slayer, in place of the slayer's blood. [27] Frazer, _Pausanius_, vol. iii pp. 278, 593. CHAPTER XIV HOMER AND IONIA _Who were the Ionians_? While the ancients believed that the Homeric poems were composed in the Greek settlements on the Asian coast, and brought from Ionia to Hellas, modern critics often hold that the earliest lays were made in Greece, but that our _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ contain a large percentage of much later Ionian work. In these circumstances it is natural to ask, _Who were the Ionians_? a point on which Homer throws no light. The Ionian name is not mentioned in the Catalogue any more than the Aeolian and Dorian names, and "the tunic-trailing Iaones" only appear in _Iliad_, xiii. 685, where they are very hard pressed in defending the part of the Achaean wall where it was lowest, near the ships of Aias and the dead Protesilaus. They are brigaded with Locrian light-armed archers, the Boeotians, Phthians, and Epeians of Elis, and "the picked men of the Athenians," whose leaders are Menestheus, king of Athens, as in the Catalogue, and three others. Thus the Ionians appear to be equivalent to the Athenians. The epithet "chiton-trailers" occurs but this once in Homer, and, of course, is inappropriate to the warlike occasion: the Ionians of the seventh century certainly wore the short tight _cypassis_, not the chiton, when actively engaged. In the Ionian hymn to Apollo the Ionians are "chiton-trailers," but the occasion is a public festival.