Transcriber’s Notes: Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_), and text enclosed by equal signs is in bold (=bold=). The whole number part of a mixed fraction is separated from the fractional part with -, for example, 365-1/4. Additional Transcriber’s Notes are at the end. * * * * * THE WORLD’S LEADERS A NEW SERIES OF BIOGRAPHIES Edited by W. P. TRENT Each, with portraits. Large 12mo. $1.75 net. H. W. BOYNTON’S THE WORLD’S LEADING POETS.--Homer, Virgil, Dante, Shakespeare, Milton, Goethe. G. B. ROSE’S THE WORLD’S LEADING PAINTERS.--Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Titian, Rubens, Velasquez, Rembrandt. W. L. BEVAN’S THE WORLD’S LEADING CONQUERORS.--Alexander, Cæsar, Charles the Great, The Ottoman Conquerors of Europe, Cortes and Pizarro, Napoleon. _Other Volumes in Preparation._ HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 34 West 33d Street NEW YORK * * * * * [Illustration: CHARLEMAGNE] * * * * * The World’s Leaders Edited by W. P. TRENT THE WORLD’S LEADING CONQUERORS ALEXANDER THE GREAT, CÆSAR, CHARLES THE GREAT, THE OTTOMAN SULTANS, THE SPANISH CONQUISTADORS, NAPOLEON BY W. L. BEVAN Doctor of Political Science, Munich; Sometime Fellow of Columbia University; Professor of History, University of the South WITH PORTRAITS [Illustration] NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1913 * * * * * COPYRIGHT, 1913, BY HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY _Published March, 1913_ THE QUINN & BODEN CO. PRESS RAHWAY, N. J. PREFACE