The world's leading conquerors : $b Alexander the Great, Cæsar, Charles the Great, the Ottoman sultans, the Spanish conquistadors, NapoleonBevan, Wilson Lloyd
History
The world's leading conquerors : $b Alexander the Great, Cæsar, Charles the Great, the Ottoman sultans, the Spanish conquistadors, Napoleon
Bevan, Wilson Lloyd
History; Kings and rulers
As might have been expected, exaggerated estimates are given by the
early authorities of the number of human beings slaughtered in the
course of the year; but, in any case, it must have been great, for in
the small and poor region of Tlaxcallan from one pueblo 405 captives
were sacrificed at the chief feast of the local deity. Naturally, in
the dominant pueblo the proportions of the human victims offered to the
gods must have far exceeded these limits.
Closely connected with the Aztec religion was the development of an
ingenious, if imperfect method of reckoning time. It was apparently
evolved independently, for in the Old World there was nothing like
it. The basis of time reckoning was the period of twenty days, and
each day of this division had a proper sign or name. The periodic
expeditions against neighboring hostile tribes were controlled by this
division, as were also the holding of markets and the arrangement of
tributes. There were eighteen of these divisions, which regulated the
various festivals of the religious year. For secular purposes the
360 day year was corrected by adding to it a period of five days, a
fractional part of the twenty-day period. On these supplementary five
days all public ceremonies ceased. The chronological system consisted
of a combination of great cycles, each of fifty-two years’ duration.
And each great cycle was divided into four smaller cycles of thirteen
years.
The economic and political basis of Aztec life was the pueblo, or
tribal community, in which frequently each clan of the tribe had a
localized quarter, each provided with the temple of the particular
deity recognized by the clan as its protector. Through the wars
of conquest with weaker pueblos there had grown up a rudimentary
feudalism, according to which the distinguished warriors were
established in the subject pueblos as proprietors of the best lands
in them. The possession of these lands could descend to the sons or
might be alienated for the benefit of a distinguished chieftain. The
food supply of the country so controlled was regular, hence there was
no need of a nomadic life. Wealth was increasing, and the population
growing. Habits of industry were encouraged, with the result that the
principle of the division of labor to a certain extent existed. Some
forms of craftsmanship, too, were cultivated, specialized in particular
communities; for example, Cholula was famous for its potters, while
the art of the goldsmith was practised at Azcapozalco. Clothing was
manufactured, the houses and buildings were decorated internally,
and there was an elaborate cuisine. Montezuma’s meal is described as
consisting of thirty sorts of stews. He used chafing-dishes to keep
them warm, and he also drank chocolate and ate fruit as a second course.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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