Apologetics -- History -- Early church, ca. 30-600; Celsus (Platonic philosopher), active 180; Theology -- History -- Early Church, ca. 30-600
perchance, as we have said is declared by the name itself, it was called
ψυχή, _i.e._ _anima_, because it has waxed cold from the fervour of just
things,[295] and from participation in the divine fire, and yet has not
lost the power of restoring itself to that condition of fervour in which
it was at the beginning. Whence the prophet also appears to point out
some such state of things by the words, “Return, O my soul, unto thy
rest.”[296] From all which this appears to be made out, that the
understanding, falling away from its status and dignity, was made or
named soul; and that, if repaired and corrected, it returns to the
condition of the understanding.[297]
4. Now, if this be the case, it seems to me that this very decay and
falling away of the understanding is not the same in all, but that this
conversion into a soul is carried to a greater or less degree in
different instances, and that certain understandings retain something
even of their former vigour, and others again either nothing or a very
small amount. Whence some are found from the very commencement of their
lives to be of more active intellect, others again of a slower habit of
mind, and some are born wholly obtuse, and altogether incapable of
instruction. Our statement, however, that the understanding is converted
into a soul, or whatever else seems to have such a meaning, the reader
must carefully consider and settle for himself, as these views are not
to be regarded as advanced by us in a dogmatic manner, but simply as
opinions, treated in the style of investigation and discussion. Let the
reader take this also into consideration, that it is observed with
regard to the soul of the Saviour, that of those things which are
written in the Gospel, some are ascribed to it under the name of soul,
and others under that of spirit. For when it wishes to indicate any
suffering or perturbation affecting Him, it indicates it under the name
of soul; as when it says, “Now is my soul troubled;”[298] and, “My soul
is sorrowful, even unto death;”[299] and, “No man taketh my soul[300]
from me, but I lay it down of myself.”[301] Into the hands of His Father
He commends not His soul, but His spirit; and when He says that the
flesh is weak, He does not say that the soul is willing, but the spirit:
whence it appears that the soul is something intermediate between the
weak flesh and the willing spirit.
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