And since history, properly understood, abolishes the idea of a _universal history_, so philosophy, immanent and identical with history, abolishes the idea of a _universal philosophy_--that is to say, of the _closed_ system. The two negations correspond and are indeed fundamentally one (because closed systems, like universal histories, are cosmological romances), and both receive empirical confirmation from the tendency of the best spirits of our day to refrain from 'universal histories' and from 'definitive systems,' leaving both to compilers, to believers, and to the credulous of every sort. This tendency was implicit in the last great philosophy, that of Hegel, but it was opposed in its own self by old survivals and altogether betrayed in execution, so that this philosophy also converts itself into a cosmological romance. Thus it may be said that what at the beginning of the nineteenth century was merely a simple _presentiment_ becomes changed into _firm consciousness_ at the beginning of the twentieth. This defies the fears of the timid lest the knowledge of the universal should be thus compromised, and indeed maintains that only in this way can such knowledge be truly and perpetually acquired, because dynamically obtained. Thus history becoming _actual history_ and philosophy becoming _historical philosophy_ have freed themselves, the one from the anxiety of not being able to know that which is not known, only because it was or will be known, and the other from the despair of never being able to attain to definite truth--that is to say, both are freed from the phantom of the 'thing in itself.' [1] In the _Logic_, especially in Part II, Chapter IV. IV IDEAL GENESIS AND DISSOLUTION OF THE 'PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY' I The conception of the so-called 'philosophy of history' is perpetually opposed to and resisted by the deterministic conception of history. Not only is this clearly to be seen from inspection, but it is also quite evident logically, because the 'philosophy of history' represents the transcendental conception of the real, determinism the immanent.