"To promote the increase of natural knowledge and to forward the application of scientific methods of investigation to all the problems of life to the best of my ability, in the conviction which has grown with my growth and strengthened with my strength, that there is no alleviation for the sufferings of mankind except veracity of thought and of action, and the resolute facing of the world as it is when the garment of make-believe by which pious hands have hidden its uglier features is stripped off. "It is with this intent that I have subordinated any reasonable or unreasonable ambition for scientific fame which I may have permitted myself to entertain to other ends; to the popularisation of science; to the development and organisation of scientific education; to the endless series of battles and skirmishes over evolution; and to untiring opposition to that ecclesiastical spirit, that clericalism, which in England, as everywhere else, and to whatever denomination it may belong, is the deadly enemy of science. "In striving for the attainment of these objects, I have been but one among many, and I shall be well content to be remembered, or even not remembered, as such. Circumstances, among which I am proud to reckon the devoted kindness of many friends, have led to my occupation of various prominent positions, among which the presidency of the Royal Society is the highest. It would be mock modesty on my part, with these and other scientific honours which have been bestowed upon me, to pretend that I have not succeeded in the career which I have followed, rather because I was driven into it than of my own free will; but I am afraid I should not count even these things as marks of success if I could not hope that I had not somewhat helped that movement of opinion which has been called the New Reformation." INDEX A Adams, 209 Admiralty, 14, 48, 49 Agassiz, 68, 91, 99 Age of the earth, 84, 85 Agnosticism, 239, 241-243, 279 Ahriman, 265 Alchemists, 256, 257 Alternation of generations, 53, 54 Ameghino, 141 America, 70 American addresses, 71 American fossils, 75 American monkeys, 163 Amphibia, 143 Amphioxus, 22, 134 Anatomy of man and ape, 161 Anchitherium, 70, 74, 76 Animal kingdom, old views of, 35 Animals and plants, 97 Anthracosaurus, 69 Anthropomorphism, 250 Anthropoid apes, 149-153 "Ape and Tiger" methods, 265 Appendicularia, 56, 57 Apprenticeship in medicine, 183 Archæopteryx, 136 Archetype of molluscs, 58, 59, 61 Archetype of Vertebrata, Articulata, and Radiata, 62 Arctogœa, 140 Argyll, Duke of, 248 Aristotle, 100, 259 Arnold, Matthew, 185 Articulata of Cuvier, 38 Ascaris, egg of, 176 Ascidians, 55-57, 96 Australia and South America, land connection, 141 Authority, 175, 231, 232, 241 Authority and investigation, 179