Thought-Culture; Or, Practical Mental Training — John Shaqi
Thought-Culture; Or, Practical Mental TrainingAtkinson, William Walker
Science
Thought-Culture; Or, Practical Mental Training
Atkinson, William Walker
Thought and thinking
The _content_ of a concept is _all that it includes--its full meaning_.
The _extension_ of a concept depends upon its _quantity_ aspect--it is
its property of including numbers of individual objects within its
content. The _intension_ of a concept depends upon its _quality_
aspect--it is its property of including class or common qualities,
properties or attributes within its content.
Thus, the _extension_ of the concept _horse_ covers all individual
horses; while its _intension_ includes all qualities, attributes, and
properties common to all horses--class qualities possessed by all horses
in common, and which qualities, etc., make the particular animals
_horses_, as distinguished from other animals.
It follows that the larger the number of particular objects in a class,
the smaller must be the number of general class qualities--qualities
common to all in the class. And, that the larger the number of common
class qualities, the smaller must be the number of individuals in the
class. As the logicians express it, "the greater the extension, the less
the intension; the greater the intension, the less the extension." Thus,
_animal_ is narrow in intension, but very broad in extension; for while
there are many animals there are but very few qualities common to _all_
animals. And, _horse_ is narrower in extension, but broader in
intension; for while there are comparatively few horses, the qualities
common to all horses are greater.
The cultivation of the faculty of Generalization, or Conception, of
course, depends largely upon _exercise_ and _material_, as does the
cultivation of every mental faculty, as we have seen. But there are
certain rules, methods and ideas which may be used to advantage in
developing this faculty in the direction of clear and capable work. This
faculty is developed by all of the general processes of thought, for it
forms an important part of all thought. But the logical processes known
as Analysis and Synthesis give to this faculty exercise and employment
particularly adapted to its development and cultivation. Let us briefly
consider these processes.
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