The Term or Judgment is said to be "_distributed_" (that is, extended universally) when it is used in its fullest sense, in which it is used in the sense of "each and every" of its kind or class. Thus in the proposition "Horses are animals" the meaning is that "_each and every_" horse is an animal--in this case the _subject_ is "distributed" or made universal. But the _predicate_ is _not_ "distributed" or made universal, but remains particular or restricted and implies merely "some." For the proposition does not mean that the class "_horses_" includes _all_ animals. For we may say that: "_Some_ animals are _not_ horses." So you see we have several instances in which the "distribution" varies, both as regards the subject and also the predicate. The rule of logic applying in this case is as follows: 1. In _universal_ propositions, the _subject_ is distributed. 2. In _particular_ propositions, the _subject_ is _not_ distributed. 3. In _negative_ propositions, the _predicate_ is distributed. 4. In _affirmative_ propositions, the _predicate_ is _not_ distributed. A little time devoted to the analysis and understanding of the above rules will repay the student for his trouble, inasmuch as it will train his mind in the direction of logical distinction and judgment. The importance of these rules will appear later. Halleck says: "Judgment is the power revolutionizing the world. The revolution is slow because nature's forces are so complex, so hard to be reduced to their simplest forms, and so disguised and neutralized by the presence of other forces. The progress of the next hundred years will join many concepts, which now seem to have no common qualities. If the vast amount of energy latent in the sunbeams, in the rays of the stars, in the winds, in the rising and falling of the tides, is treasured up and applied to human purposes, it will be a fresh triumph for judgment. This world is rolling around in a universe of energy, of which judgment has as yet harnessed only the smallest appreciable fraction. Fortunately, judgment is ever working and silently comparing things that, to past ages, have seemed dissimilar; and it is constantly abstracting and leaving out of the field of view those qualities which have simply served to obscure the point at issue." Brooks says: "The power of judgment is of great value to its products. It is involved in or accompanies every act of the intellect, and thus lies at the foundation of all intellectual activity. It operates directly in every act of the understanding; and even aids the other faculties of the mind in completing their activities and products."