The nodules and veins of flint that are so abundant in the upper chalk, have probably been produced by the agency of heated waters and vapours; the perfect fluidity of the siliceous matter before its consolidation is proved, not only by the sharp moulds and impressions of shells and other organisms retained by the flints, but also by the presence of numerous remains in the substance of the nodules, and the silicified condition of the sponges and other zoophytes which abound in the cretaceous strata. Now although silex, or the earth of flint, is but sparingly soluble in water of the ordinary temperature, its solution readily takes places in vapour heated a little above that of fused cast iron, as has been proved by direct experiment;[AL] and similar effects are being produced at the present moment by natural causes. The siliceous deposits thrown down by the intermittent boiling fountains, called the Geysers, in Iceland, are well known;[AM] and in New Zealand this phenomenon is exhibited on a still grander scale. From the crater of the volcanic mountain of Tongariro,[AN] which is several thousand feet above the level of the sea, jets of vapour and streams of boiling water highly charged with silex, are continually issuing forth, and dashing down the flanks of the volcano in cascades and torrents, empty themselves into the lakes at its base. As the water cools, siliceous sinter is deposited in vast sheets, and incrustations of flint form around the extraneous substances lying in the course of the thermal streams. Silex is also precipitated by the boiling waters in stalagmitic concretions, and in nodules resembling in colour and solidity the flints of the English chalk. The complete impregnation and silicification of organized bodies is attributable to an agency of this kind; and although the origin of the siliceous waters that deposited the nodules and veins of flint in the chalk is still involved in obscurity, the mode in which the latter were formed is satisfactorily elucidated. [AL] See '_Wonders of Geology_,' p. 100. [AM] Ibid., p. 95. [AN] Ibid., p. 98. [Illustration: Lign. 24:--Zoophytes in Chalk and Flint. 1. A minute coral from chalk and flint; the lower figure is of the natural size. 2. Branch of a sponge in flint. 3. Pebble enclosing a zoophyte. ]