But as long as we confine our attention to the universal struggle for
life and the survival of the fittest, without certain qualifications
presently to be mentioned, it is difficult for the most profound
intelligence to arrive at conclusions much more satisfactory than
Caliban's. If the spirit shown in Nature's works as thus contemplated is
not one of wanton mockery, it seems at any rate to be a spirit of stolid
indifference. It indicates a Blind Force rather than a Beneficent Wisdom
at the source of things. It is in some such mood as this that Huxley
tells us, in his famous address delivered at Oxford, in 1893, that there
is no sanction for morality in the Cosmic Process. "Men in society," he
says, "are undoubtedly subject to the cosmic process. As among other
animals, multiplication goes on without cessation and involves severe
competition for the means of support. The struggle for existence tends
to eliminate those less fitted to adapt themselves to the circumstances
of their existence. The strongest, the most self-assertive, tend to
tread down the weaker.... Social progress means a checking of the cosmic
process at every step and the substitution for it of another, which may
be called the ethical process; the end of which is not the survival of
those who may happen to be the fittest, in respect of the whole of the
conditions which exist, but of those who are ethically the best." Again,
says Huxley, "let us understand, once for all, that the ethical progress
of society depends, not on imitating the cosmic process, still less in
running away from it, but in combating it." And again he tells us that
while the moral sentiments have undoubtedly been evolved, yet since
"the immoral sentiments have no less been evolved, there is so far as
much natural sanction for the one as for the other." And yet again, "the
cosmic process has no sort of relation to moral ends."
When these statements were first made they were received with surprise,
and they have since called forth much comment, for they sound like a
retreat from the position which an evolutionist is expected to hold.
They distinctly assert a breach of continuity between evolution in
general and the evolution of Man in particular; and thus they have
carried joy to the hearts of sundry theologians, of the sort that like
to regard Man as an infringer upon Nature. If there is no natural
sanction for morality, then the sanction must be supernatural, and
forthwith such theologians greet Huxley as an ally!
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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