Argentina, Spanish conquest of northern areas of, 112-113; area and coast-line, 190; natural resources, 191-192; government, 192-193; population, 193; volume of trade with Europe as compared with that with United States, 194; division into Buenos Aires and “the Camp,” 194-195; political history, 195-197; rapid advance of, since 1862, 197-198; railways, immigration, and education in, 198; conditions of life in Buenos Aires, 198-213; “the Camp,” 214 ff.; cattle, horses, sheep, goats, etc., of, 216-217; gradual introduction of small landholders into, 219; territory known as Patagonia, 223-225; Tierra del Fuego, 225; tropical wilds of the north, 226-227. Asphalt deposits, 415, 419. Asses, in Argentina, 216. Asunción, Paraguay, 241; population and character, 245-246, 251-252. Atacama, Province of, 277, 287. Atacames, Ecuador, 358. Atahualpa, defeat of Huascar by and accession to Inca throne, 59-61; made a prisoner by Pizarro, 61-65; ransom paid by, 66; Pizarro’s treachery toward and murder of, 66-68. Atrato River, 376. Aucasquilucha, Mt., 278. Ayacucho, battle of, 132. Aymara Indians, 48. Bahia, State of, black diamonds in, 189. Bahia Blanca, city of, 195. Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 22-25, 35, 36. _Balsa_ rafts, Guayaquil, 363. _Balsas_, reed boats on Lake Titicaca, 57. Banana trees, Ecuador, 364. Barranquilla, 391, 392, 396-397. Barrett, John, _Independent_ article by, quoted, 315; on Colombia’s commercial possibilities, 397. Belém, city of, 137, 139, 146-153. Belgrano, Manuel, 123. Belgrano, suburb of Buenos Aires, 202. Bello Horizonte, city of, 186-187. Benalcázar, Sebastian de, 76, 92, 95, 96, 370. Bermudez, asphalt lake of, 419. Bio-bio River, 101, 102, 105, 106, 108, 111. Bitumen from Venezuela, 419. Black diamonds, 189. Blanco, Guzmán, 422. _Blancos_, Uruguayan political faction, 238. Boers in Patagonia, 225. Bogotá, 95, 383, 384, 385-389. Bolívar, Simon, 123, 129; San Martín’s retirement in favor of, 129-130; career of, 130-133; Bolivia named for, 259; period of residence in Bogotá, 387-388; tomb of, Caracas, 412; relics of, at Caracas, 412-413. Bolivia, Pizarro’s expedition into, 82; position, 257-258; people, 259; area and climate, 259-260; scenery, 261-262; agricultural productions, 262-264; mineral wealth, 264-266; cities and ruins in, 266-274. Bolognesi, Colonel, 328. Bomfim, Senhor, quoted, 175. Botafogo Bay, 163, 167. Botanical garden, at Belém, 150; at Rio de Janeiro, 168-169. Boyacá, battle of, 131. Brandão, Frei Caetano, statue of, Belém, 150-151. Brazil, discovery of, 18; exploration of, by Vespucci, 18-19; secures independence, 133; area and population of present republic, 134-135; international commerce, 135-136; the Amazon country, 137-153; railways, 153-154; cities of coast, 154-160. Brazil wood, 19, 33.