Trade, restrictions placed on South American, by Spain, 118-120; of United States of Brazil, 135-136; of Argentina, 191-192. _See also_ Commerce. Trans-Andean railway, 222, 280. Trees, of Brazil, 142, 143; in Montevideo parks, 231-232; of southern Chile, 286-287, 309-310; of Ecuador, 355-356, 363-364. Trinidad, Island of, 16, 415, 419. Trombetas River, 146. Tronador, Mt., 284. Tucapel, Araucanian chief, 103, 106. Tucumán, battle of, 123. Tucumán, city of, 195. Tumbéz, Peru, 39, 41, 324. Tunguragua, Mt., 366. Tupungato, Mt., 281. Ucayali River, 322. United States, trade between Brazil and, 136; smallness of commerce of, with Argentina, 201; fewness of people from, in Buenos Aires, 203; commerce between Chile and, 277; trade of, with Colombia, 398; trade with Venezuela, 419. Universities in Argentina, 198. University, San Francisco Xavier, Sucré, 267; San Marcos, 330. Uruguay, 228 ff.; life in Montevideo, 229-234; nature of the country, 234-235; commerce of, 235; favorable conditions of, for national prosperity, 236; turbulent political history of, 236-237; bellicose personality and present-day outlets for, 237-238; political factions in, 238. Uruguay River, 32, 228, 234, 235. Uspallata Pass, 222, 279-280. Valdivia, Pedro de, conquest of Chile undertaken by, 82, 97-107; put to death by Araucanians, 107. Valdivia, town of, 109. Valencia, city and lake of, 406, 414. Valera, Father Blas, cited, 58. Valle, Marquis del, 31. Valparaiso, 101, 287, 296-299. Valverde, Friar Vincente de, 64. Vargas Hospital, Caracas, 413. Vega, Garcilaso de la, quoted, 52-53, 58, 61, 335. Vela, Blasco Nuñez, 87. Velasco, Juan de, 370. Venezuela, location and topography, 400-401; area, 401-402; naming of, 402; coastwise approach to, 403-404; towns and cities, 405-413; earthquakes in, 413; the Orinoco delta and river, 415-417; the _llanos_, 418; agricultural products, 418-419; commerce of, 419; government, 420-421; statesmen and rulers of, 421-423. Vernon, Admiral, siege of Cartagena by, 393-394. Vespucci, Amerigo, voyages of, 18-19; the _Mundus Novus_ of, 20; the naming of the New World for, 20-21; later explorations by, 22. Viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru, 114-116. Victoria, city of, 154. Vilcapujio, battle of, 123. Villagran, Francisco de, 107-108. Villa Hayes, 240. Villegagnon, settlement at, 168. Viña del Mar, 296, 299. Virgins, Cape, 27. Virgins of the Sun, 52, 57; palace of, at Cajamarca, 65. Volcanoes, of Chile, 278; of Colombia, 385; of Ecuador, 365-372. Waldseemüller map, 21. Washington, Col. Lawrence, 394. Watling’s Island, 12. “Westward Ho!” reminders of, 408. Wheat, production of, in Argentina, 192; harvesting of, in Argentina, 216; production in Uruguay, 235. Wheelwright, William, 201.