In the year 1659, however, Huygens, who had been observing Saturn with a telescope of 2-1/3 inches aperture and 23 feet focal length, bearing a magnifying power of 100, arrived at the correct solution of the mystery, which he announced to, or rather concealed from, the world in a barbarous jumble of letters, which, when properly arranged, read 'annulo cingitur, tenui, plano, nusquam cohaerente, ad eclipticam inclinato'--'he (Saturn) is surrounded by a thin flat ring, nowhere touching (him, and) inclined to the ecliptic.' Huygens also discovered the first and largest of Saturn's satellites, Titan. His discoveries were followed by those of Cassini, who in 1676 announced his observation of that division in the ring which now goes by his name. From Cassini's time onwards to the middle of the nineteenth century, nothing was observed to alter to any great extent the conception of the Saturnian system which had been reached; though certain observations were made, which, though viewed with some suspicion, seemed to indicate that there were more divisions in the ring than that which Cassini had discovered, and that the system was thus a multiple one. In particular a marking on the outer ring was detected by Encke, and named after him, though generally seen, if seen at all, rather as a faint shading than as a definite division. (It is not shown in Barnard's drawing, Plate XXIV.). But in 1850 came the last great addition to our knowledge of the ring system, W. C. Bond in America, and Dawes in England making independently the discovery of the faint third ring, known as the Crape Ring, which lies between the inner bright ring and the globe. The extraordinary appendages thus gradually revealed present a constantly varying aspect according to the seasons of the long Saturnian year. At Saturn's equinoxes they disappear, being turned edgewise; then, reappearing, they gradually broaden until at the solstice, 7-1/3 years later, they are seen at their widest expansion; while from this point they narrow again to the following equinox, and repeat the same process with the opposite side of the ring illuminated, the whole set of changes being gone through in 29 years 167·2 days. Barnard's measures give for the outer diameter of the outer ring 172,310 miles; while the clear interval between the inner margin of the Crape Ring and the ball is about 5,800 miles, and the width of the great division in the ring-system (Cassini's) 2,270 miles. In sharp contrast to these enormous figures is the fact that the rings have no measurable thickness at all, and can only be estimated at not more than 50 miles. They disappear absolutely when seen edgewise; even the great Lick telescope lost them altogether for three days in October, 1891.[*]