Generally speaking, however, a comet consists of three parts: The
nucleus--which appears as a more or less clearly defined star-like
point, and is the only part of the comet which will bear any
magnification to speak of--the coma, and the tail. In many telescopic
comets the nucleus is entirely absent, and, in the comets in which
it is present, it is of very varied size, and often presents curious
irregularities in shape, and even occasionally the appearance of
internal motions. It frequently changes very much in size during the
period of the comet's visibility. The nucleus is the only part of a
comet's structure which has even the most distant claim to solidity;
but even so the evidence which has been gradually accumulated all goes
to show that while it may be solid in the sense of being composed of
particles which have some substance, it is not solid in the sense of
being one coherent mass, but rather consists of something like a swarm
of small meteoric bodies. Surrounding the nucleus is the coma, from
which the comet derives its name. This is a sort of misty cloud
through which the nucleus seems to shine like a star in a nebula or
a gas-lamp in a fog. Its boundaries are difficult to trace, as it
appears to fade away gradually on every side into the background; but
generally its appearance is more or less of a globular shape except
where the tail streams away from it behind. Sometimes the coma is of
enormous extent--the Great Comet of 1811 showed a nucleus of 428 miles
diameter, enclosed within a nebulous globe 127,000 miles across, which
in its turn was wrapped in a luminous atmosphere of four times
greater diameter, with an outside envelope covering all, and extending
backwards to form the tail. But it is also of the most extraordinary
tenuity, the light of the very faintest stars having been frequently
observed to shine undimmed through several millions of miles of coma.
Finally, there is the tail, which may be so short as to be barely
distinguishable; or may extend, as in the case of Comet 1811 (ii.), to
130,000,000 miles; or, as in that of Comet 1843 (i.), to 200,000,000.
The most tenuous substances with which we are acquainted seem to be
solidity itself compared with the material of a comet's tail. It is
'such stuff as dreams are made of.'
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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