Classical literature; Cosmology -- Early works to 1800
Let us now assign the geometrical forms to their respective
elements. The cube is the most stable of them because resting on
a quadrangular plane surface, and composed of isosceles
triangles. To the earth then, which is the most stable of bodies
and the most easily modelled of them, may be assigned the form of
a cube; and the remaining forms to the other elements,—to fire
the pyramid, to air the octahedron, and to water the
icosahedron,—according to their degrees of lightness or heaviness
or power, or want of power, of penetration. The single particles
of any of the elements are not seen by reason of their smallness;
they only become visible when collected. The ratios of their
motions, numbers, and other properties, are ordered by the God,
who harmonized them as far as necessity permitted.
The probable conclusion is as follows:—Earth, when dissolved by
the more penetrating element of fire, whether acting immediately
or through the medium of air or water, is decomposed but not
transformed. Water, when divided by fire or air, becomes one part
fire, and two parts air. A volume of air divided becomes two of
fire. On the other hand, when condensed, two volumes of fire make
a volume of air; and two and a half parts of air condense into
one of water. Any element which is fastened upon by fire is cut
by the sharpness of the triangles, until at length, coalescing
with the fire, it is at rest; for similars are not affected by
similars. When two kinds of bodies quarrel with one another, then
the tendency to decomposition continues until the smaller either
escapes to its kindred element or becomes one with its conqueror.
And this tendency in bodies to condense or escape is a source of
motion...Where there is motion there must be a mover, and where
there is a mover there must be something to move. These cannot
exist in what is uniform, and therefore motion is due to want of
uniformity. But then why, when things are divided after their
kinds, do they not cease from motion? The answer is, that the
circular motion of all things compresses them, and as ‘nature
abhors a vacuum,’ the finer and more subtle particles of the
lighter elements, such as fire and air, are thrust into the
interstices of the larger, each of them penetrating according to
their rarity, and thus all the elements are on their way up and
down everywhere and always into their own places. Hence there is
a principle of inequality, and therefore of motion, in all time.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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