To make a sun-dial, procure a circular piece of zinc, about ⅛ inch thick, and say twelve inches in diameter. Have a “style” or “gnomon” cast such that the angle of its edge equals the latitude of the place where the sun-dial is to be set up. This for London will be equal to 51° 30´´. A pattern may be made for this in wood; it should then be cast in gun-metal, which is much better for out-of-door exposure than brass. On a sheet of paper draw a circle _A B C_ with centre _O_. Make the angle _B O D_ equal to the latitude of the place for London = 51° 30´´. From _A_ draw _A E_ parallel to _O B_ to meet _O D_ in _E_, and with radius _O E_ describe another circle about _O_. Divide the inner circle _A B C_ into twenty-four parts, and draw radii through them from _O_ to meet the larger circle. Through any divisions (say that corresponding to two o’clock) draw lines parallel to _O B_, _O C_, respectively to meet in _a_. Then the line _O a_ is the shadow line of the gnomon at two o’clock. The lines thus drawn on paper may be transferred to the dial and engraved on it, or else eaten in with acid in the manner in which etchings are done. [Illustration: FIG. 18.] The centre _O_ need not be in the centre of the zinc disc, but may be on one side of it, so as to give better room for the hours, etc. A motto may be etched upon the dial, such as “Horas non numero nisi serenas,” or “Qual ’hom senza Dio, son senza sol io,” or any suitable inscription, and the dial is ready for use. It is best put up by turning it till the hour is shown truly as compared with a correctly timed watch. It must be levelled with a spirit level. It must be remembered that the sun does not move quite uniformly in his yearly path among the fixed stars. This is because he moves not in a circle, but in an ellipse of which the earth is in one of the foci. Hence the hours shown on the dial are slightly irregular, the sun being sometimes in advance of the clock, sometimes behind it. The difference is never more than a quarter of an hour. There is no difference at midsummer and midwinter. [Illustration: FIG. 19.] Civil time is solar time averaged, so as to make the hours and days all equal. The difference between civil time and apparent solar time is called the equation of time, and is the amount by which the sun-dial is in advance of or in retard of the clock. In setting a dial by means of a watch, of course allowance must be made for the equation of time. CHAPTER II. In the last chapter a short description has been given of the ideas of the ancients as to the nature of the earth and heavens. Before we pass to the changes introduced by modern science, it will be well to devote a short space to an examination of ancient scientific ideas.