DeVick's clock of 1364. -- Original "verge" escapement. -- "Anchor" and "dead beat" escapements. -- "Remontoir" clock. -- The pendulum. -- Jeweling pallets. -- Antique clock with earliest application of pendulum. -- Turkish watches. -- Correct designs for public clock faces. -- Art work on old watches. -- Twenty-four hour watch. -- Syrian and Hebrew hour numerals. -- Correct method of striking hours and quarters. -- Design for twenty-four hour dial and hands. -- Curious clocks. -- Inventions of the old clockmakers. [Illustration: Public Dial by James Arthur Dial of Philadelphia City Hall Clock Fig. 24] Modern clocks commence with De Vick's of 1364 which is the first unquestioned clock consisting of toothed wheels and containing the fundamental features of our present clocks. References are often quoted back to about 1000 A. D., but the words translated "clocks" were used for bells and dials at that date; so we are forced to consider the De Vick clock as the first till more evidence is obtained. It has been pointed out, however, that this clock could hardly have been invented all at once; and therefore it is probable that many inventions leading up to it have been lost to history. The part of a clock which does the ticking is called the "escapement" and the oldest form known is the "verge," Fig. 25, the date of which is unknown, but safely 300 years before De Vick. The "foliot" is on the vertical verge, or spindle, which has the pallets A B. As the foliot swings horizontally, from rest to rest, we hear one tick, but it requires two of these single swings, or two ticks, to liberate one tooth of the escape wheel; so there are twice as many ticks in one turn of the escape wheel as it has teeth. We thus see that an escapement is a device in which something moves back and forth and allows the teeth of an "escape wheel" to escape. While this escapement is, in some respects, the simplest one, it has always been difficult to make it plain in a drawing, so I have made an effort to explain it by making the side of the wheel and its pallet B, which is nearest the eye, solid black, and farther side and its pallet A, shaded as in the figure. The wheel moves in the direction of the arrow, and tooth D is very near escaping from pallet B. The tooth C on the farther side of wheel is moving left, so it will fall on pallet A, to be in its turn liberated as the pallets and foliot swing back and forth. It is easy to see that each tooth of the wheel will give a little push to the pallet as it escapes, and thus keep the balance swinging. This escapement is a very poor time-keeper, but it was one of the great inventions and held the field for about 600 years, that is, from the days when it regulated bells up to the "onion" watches of our grandfathers. Scattered references in old writings make it reasonably certain that from about 1,000 to 1,300 bells were struck by machines regulated with this verge escapement,