[Illustration: Fig. 37--Watches Showing Art Work] [Illustration: Fig. 38--Watch Showing Dutch Art Work] [Illustration: Fig. 39--Antique Watch Cock] [Illustration: Fig. 40--"Chinese" Watch] Our boys' watches costing one dollar keep much better time than this type of watch. Comparing the Syrian dial, Fig. 42, with that on Fig. 35, it is evident that the strange hour numerals on both are a variation of the same characters. These, so-called, "Turkish watches" were made in Europe for the Eastern trade. First-class samples of this triple-case type are getting scarce, but I have found four, two of them in Constantinople. Figure 36 shows the double-case style, called "pair cases," the outer case thin silver, the figures and ornaments being hammered and punched up from the inside and called "repoussé." Before we leave the old watches, the question of art work deserves notice, for it looks as if ornamentation and time-keeping varied inversely in those days--the more art the worse the watch. I presume, as they could not make a good time-keeper at that date, the watch-maker decided to give the buyer something of great size and style for his money. In Fig. 37 four old movements are shown, and there is no doubt about the art, since the work is purely individual and no dies or templates used. In examining a large number of these watches, I have never found the art work on any two of them alike. Note the grotesque faces in these, and in Fig. 39 which is a fine example of pierced, engraved work. Figure 38 is a fine example of pierced work with animals and flowers carved in relief. Figure 40 is a "Chinese" watch but made in Europe for the Chinese market. In Fig. 41 we have what remains of a quarter repeater with musical attachment. Each of the 24 straight gongs, commencing with the longest one, goes a little nearer the center of the large wheel, so a circle of pins is set in the wheel for each gong, or note, and there is plenty of room for several tunes which the wearer can set off at pleasure. Figure 43 is a modern watch with Hebrew hour numerals. Figure 44 is a modern 24-hour watch used on some railroads and steamship lines. I have a pretty clean-cut recollection of one event in connection with the 24-hour system, as I left Messina between 18 and 19 o'clock on the night of the earthquake! Dials and hands constitute an important branch of the subject. The general fault of hands is that they are too much alike; in many instances they are the same, excepting that the minute hand is a little longer than the hour. The dial shown on the left of Fig. 24 was designed by me for a public clock and can be read twice as far away as the usual dial. Just why we should make the worst dials and hands for public clocks in the United States is more than I can find out, for there is no possible excuse, since the "spade and pointer" hands have been known for generations. Figure 45 is offered as a properly designed