CHAPTER IV. Columbian Dental Congress--Opinions on Tin Foil--Reasons for Using--Manufacture in United States--Number and Weight of Foil--Cohesion--Good Qualities of Tin Foil--Temporary Teeth-- Thermal Changes--Calcification--Chalky Teeth 27 CHAPTER V. Discoloration of Tin--Decomposition of Food--Sulfids--Oxids-- Galvanic, Therapeutic, and Chemical Action 40 CHAPTER VI. White Caries--Gold and Tin as Conductors--Wearing Away of Fillings--Poor Foil--Buccal Cavities--Number of Years Fillings Last--Strips or Tapes for Filling--Number 10 Foil-- Form of Cavities--Shields--Matrices--Condensing--Finishing-- Cervical Margins--Filling Anterior Teeth--Lining with Gold 49 CHAPTER VII. Filling, part Tin, part Gold--Cervical Margin Liable to Caries--Electrolysis--Hand Pressure--Hand Mallet--Tapes and Ropes Compared--Manner of Preparing Foil--Starting the Filling--Cylinders--Mats--Facing and Repairing--Tin Shavings--Dr. Herbst's Method--Fees 56 CHAPTER VIII. Dr. Robinson's Fibrous and Textile Metallic Filling--Tin and Gold combined (Tg), Methods of Preparing and Using--Lining Cavities with Tin--Tin and Amalgam--Plastic Tin--Stannous Gold--Crystal Tin--Filling Root-Canals--Tin and Watts's Sponge Gold--Capping Pulps 66 CHAPTER IX. Temporary Fillings--Sensitive Cavities--Integrity--Tin with Sponge, Fibrous, and Crystallized Gold--Tin at Cervical Margin--Filling Completed with Gold--Gutta-Percha and Tin-- Occlusal Cavities with Tin and Gold--Comparison of Gold with Tin--Wedge-shaped Instruments--Old Method of Using Rolls, Ropes, Tapes, or Strips--Later Method--Filling with Compact and Loose Balls--Cylinder Fillings--Operative Technics 91 CHAPTER I. Moses, who was born 1600 B.C., mentions tin, and history records its use 500 B.C., but not for filling teeth; much later on, the Ph[oe]nicians took it from Cornwall, England, to Tyre and Sidon. The alchemistic name for tin is Jove, and in the alchemistic nomenclature medicinal preparations made from it are called Jovial preparations. Hindoo native doctors give tin salts for urinary affections. Monroe, Fothergill, and Richter claim to have expelled worms from the human system, by administering tin filings. Blackie, in "Lays of Highlands and Islands," referring to tin as money, says,-- "And is this all? And have I seen the whole Cathedral, chapel, nunnery, and graves? 'Tis scantly worth the tin, upon my soul." "Tin-penny."--A customary duty formerly paid to the tithingmen in England for liberty to dig in the tin-mines.