_Cigarettes._—Cigarettes consist of paper tubes filled with cut tobacco, with or without an external wrapper of leaf tobacco. Preference is usually given to those made by hand, but machines have been introduced with some success for making the commoner kinds. A French machine for making cigarettes is shown in Fig. 28. Its work consists in making the paper tubes, and filling them with tobacco. The paper, previously prepared, in a band about 3 inches wide, is unrolled from the coil _a_ by means of the carriage _b_, and cut off in pieces about 1 inch long for presentation to the mandrel _c_, temporarily introduced into one of the tubes of the mould-carrier _d_. The mandrel has a clamp which grasps the paper and rolls it, and, at the moment when the latter escapes from the carriage, its free end is brought upon a rubber pad covered with gum, hidden in the illustration. The paper tube is left in the mould, the mandrel being extracted by means of the cam _e_; the mould-carrier is then turned ⅟₉ revolution by the cam _f_, a new tube comes into line, and the operation is repeated. When 6 paper tubes are completed, the first one is pushed by a small piston, actuated by the cam _g_, upon the end of the filling-tube; and immediately the rod _h_, actuated by the cam _e_, drives into this tube a portion of tobacco already prepared in the compressor _i_. In preparing the tobacco, a workman, occupying the seat _m_, is necessary to dispose the material in regular layers on a carrier, by which it is transported into the compressor. When the cigarette-envelope is filled, the mould-carrier again makes part of a revolution, and the finished cigarette is pushed out of the mould by the rod _k_, also actuated by the cam _e_; a device finally lodges the cigarettes in the box _l_. One workman is said to be able to turn out 9600 cigarettes in 10 hours by the aid of the machine. [Illustration: FIG. 28.] _Snuff._—Snuff is entitled to the last place in the series of tobacco manufactures, as it is largely made up of the scraps, cuttings, and rejections of the preceding processes. The materials are chopped very fine, placed in heaps in warm damp cellars, “doctored” with various flavourings, left to ferment for several weeks, and then ground to powder in edge-runner mills, some kinds even undergoing a slight roasting. When ground, the mass is passed through “mulls,” wood-lined, bottomless bowls, let into a bench, where the snuff is softened and rendered less powdery by means of pointed pins, resembling domestic rolling-pins, which slowly travel around the sides of the bowls. Snuff represents a highly profitable article manufactured from materials that are otherwise useless, and depending for its flavour chiefly upon the perfumes and flavourings used. Hence these last are kept profoundly secret by the manufacturer.