After the preliminary selection of varieties, sorting, stemming and cleaning, the leaf is dipped into large vats containing flavors; and after drying are subjected to steaming. They are then packed away in bulk in the sweating department where they slowly ferment until required for use. These "bulks" or stacks may contain many tons of leaf. They require constant turning over, etc. Indeed it may be said that every step in these processes requires constant care. Temperature, moisture, length of exposure, etc., must all be carefully seen to. Otherwise the tobacco will spoil. In the case of tobacco leaf intended for export trade rehandling consists mainly of stemming and removal of moisture. This is done before shipment in order to reduce the weight as customs duty is levied in accordance with the weight of the imported packages in the countries importing. REFERENCES U. S. DEPART. OF AGRIC. _Farmers' Bulletins_ 6 and 60. LAUREUT, L. _Le Tabac, sa culture et sa preparation, production et consommation._ Paris, 1900. BOUANT, E. _Le Tabac; culture et industrie._ Paris, 1901. BOEKHOUT UND DE VRIES. _Uber Tabacfermentation._ "Centralbl. f. Bakter," 1909. 2 Abteil. Vol. 24, p. 496. LOEW, O. _Sind Bakterien die Ursache der Tabakfermentation?_ "Centralbl. f. Bakter," 1909. Vol. 6, p. 108. KILLEBREW AND MYRICK. _Tobacco Leaf._ Part I. New York, 1897. SUCHSLAND, E. _Bobachtungen über die Selbsterwärmung des fermentierenden Tabaks._ In "Festschrift 200-Jahr Jubel. d. Verein. Friedrichs Universit." Halle-Wittenberg, 1894. WOLF, JAKOB. _Der Tabak und die Tabakfabrikate._ Chapter IV. Leipzig, 1912. HOAGLAND, J. G. _The Tobacco Industry._ In _Quarterly of the Nat. Fire Protec. Assn._, 1907. Vol. 1, Nos. 2 and 4. JACOBSTEIN, M. _The Tobacco Industry in the U. S._ Chapter II. New York, 1907. CHAPTER IX MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS OF TOBACCO IN THE UNITED STATES STATISTICS OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION. AMOUNT OF CAPITAL INVESTED, ETC. MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS OF TOBACCO. GENERAL REMARKS The importance and magnitude of the tobacco manufacturing industry in the United States will be best understood from a consideration of the following statistics taken from the latest available government records: (_For all Manufactured Products_) Cost of materials used (1905)==$126,000,000 (1909)== 177,000,000 Value of the product (1905)== 331,000,000 (1909)== 417,000,000 No. of establishments (1905)== 16,828 (1909)== 15,822 No. of persons employed, more than one-third being women (1905)== 160,000 (1909)== 197,000 The figures are given in round numbers. The total capital invested in this industry is between $300,000,000 and $400,000,000.