The Indian mass was the great problem of Spain; it was the great problem of Diaz; it is the great problem of all those who would lead her to the ways of the world of to-day. For the past ten years it has been forgotten, lost in the struggles of individual men for personal power. But always those individuals have been swallowed up, without their realizing it, in the mire of Indianism, for Indianism, the very epitome of ignorance, lies there always beneath the Mexico that the world sees, waiting to engulf its own masters and to destroy all social and business progress. The Spaniards and Diaz built above these shifting sands, ever conscious of them, providing against them always. Diaz fell because after he built his foundations he did not reach down into the Indian mass to up-raise them. He fell in his old age, forgetting, as old men forget, the dangers which have been with them through all their life. But before he fell he had laid the foundations, building upon those of the Spaniards and erecting new ones of his own, among them foundations of foreign business, of foreign missions, of foreign schools, business and missions and schools which by their own enterprise and perhaps as much by the examples which they set for Mexican business, Catholic churches and native school teachers, were beginning the great uplift of that vast, inert Indian mass. The brief rule of Madero (1911-1913) was the link between Diaz and the upheaval of radicalism and Indianism which was to begin with Carranza, in 1914. Then commenced the process of casting away, bit by bit, all the slow-built civilization, all the shallow foundations of commercial prosperity, of Diaz. With Carranza began the upsurgence of the Indian, the terrific push upward of the long-hidden forces of destruction which had been held in check, not only for the thirty years of the Diaz peace, but for all the four centuries since the Spaniards had first come to Mexico. Primarily, this destruction was marked by the wiping out of the fabric of the promising Mexican educational system--for Diaz had made sound beginnings toward raising the Indians out of the depths of their ignorance. His rule was building a foundation for business and for progress by creating an intelligence which would demand and would develop the better things which white civilization had to offer. Under Carranza the ideal was not of slow uplift by education and the creation of a substantial economic existence which would make life and peace worth striving for. Carranza and those who followed him under the banner of the revolution have thought little of solid progress. Their ideal has been revolution--the political remedy for the economic ills of the land.