Produced by David Garcia, Josephine Paolucci and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. The Types of English Literature EDITED BY WILLIAM ALLAN NEILSON TRAGEDY BY ASHLEY H. THORNDIKE TRAGEDY BY ASHLEY H. THORNDIKE PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY AUTHOR OF "THE INFLUENCE OF BEAUMONT AND FLETCHER ON SHAKSPERE" BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY The Riverside Press, Cambridge COPYRIGHT 1908 BY ASHLEY H. THORNDIKE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO REPRODUCE THIS BOOK OR PARTS THEREOF IN ANY FORM _Published May 1908_ The Riverside Press CAMBRIDGE · MASSACHUSETTS PRINTED IN THE U.S.A. Transcriber's Note: Underscores indicate italics and tildes (~) indicate bold in this text. PREFACE This book attempts to trace the course of English tragedy from its beginnings to the middle of the nineteenth century, and to indicate the part which it has played in the history both of the theatre and of literature. All tragedies of the sixteenth century are noticed, because of their historical interest and their close relationship to Shakespeare, but after 1600 only representative plays have been considered. The aim of this series has been kept in view, and the discussion, whether of individual plays or of dramatic conditions, has been determined by their importance in the study of a literary type. Tragedy in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries has attracted very little critical attention, and in those fields the book is something of a pioneer. The Elizabethan drama, on the contrary, has been the subject of a vast amount of antiquarian, biographical, and literary research, without which such a treatment as I have attempted would be almost impossible. In order, however, to keep the main purpose in view, it has been necessary to omit nearly all notice of the processes of research or the debates of criticism, and to give only what seem to me the results. To indicate at every point my reliance on my own investigations or my indebtedness to the researches of others would, indeed, necessitate doubling the size of the book. Its readers will not require an apology for its brevity, but I regret that I can offer only this inadequate acknowledgment of the great assistance I have received not merely from the studies mentioned in the Bibliographical Notes, but also from many others that have directly or indirectly contributed to my discussion. I am indebted to Dr. Ernest Bernbaum, who very kindly read chapters viii and ix, and made a number of suggestions. I have also the pleasure of expressing my great obligations to Professors Brander Matthews, Jefferson B. Fletcher, and William A. Neilson, who have read both the manuscript and the proof-sheets and given me the generous benefit of their most helpful criticism. A. H. T. NEW YORK, March, 1908. CONTENTS CHAPTER I. DEFINITIONS 1 CHAPTER II. THE MEDIEVAL AND THE CLASSICAL INFLUENCES 21