The student of the theory of tragedy may extend his reading through most books dealing at all with the theatre or drama, works of literary history and criticism, treatments of æsthetics in psychology and philosophy, as well as the tragedies themselves. Only the briefest direction for such reading can be given here. Among recent works closely connected with the matter of the chapter, are: W. L. Courtney, _The Idea of Tragedy in Ancient and Modern Drama_ (1900); Lewis Campbell, _Tragic Drama in Æschylus, Sophocles, and Shakespeare_ (1904); Ferdinand Brunetière, _L'évolution littéraire de la tragédie_ (1903) (in vol. 7 of _Etudes critiques_); and _Melodrame ou Tragédie_ (_Variétés Littéraires_ 1904); Elizabeth Woodbridge, _The Drama, its Law and its Technique_ (1898), with bibliography. Several recent books on Shakespeare are concerned with dramatic theory: A. C. Bradley, _Shakespearean Tragedy_ (1905); T. R. Lounsbury, _Shakespeare as a Dramatic Artist_ (1901); G. P. Baker, _The Development of Shakespeare as a Dramatist_ (1907). A book now out of date and never sound, but of wide influence still, is Freytag's _Technik des Dramas_ (1881), translated as _The Technique of the Drama_, Chicago (3d ed. 1900). For a study of literary criticism in reference to dramatic theory, Saintsbury's _History of Criticism_, 3 vols. (1900-04), furnishes a compendious directory and discussion. _An Introduction to the Methods and Materials of Literary Criticism_, by C. M. Gayley and F. N. Scott (1899), furnishes full bibliographical references with comment and direction. Of great value in their special fields are Butcher's edition of Aristotle's _Poetics_ (3d ed. 1902); W. Cloetta's _Beitrãge zur Litteraturgeschichte des Mittelalters und der Renaissance_, Halle (1890), vol. i; and J. E. Spingarn's _Literary Criticism in the Renaissance_ (1899). English critical discussions of tragedy will be noted in the chapters on the various historical periods. For tragedy in relation to æsthetic theory, full references are given in Gayley and Scott; and Volkelt's _Æsthetik des Tragischen_, Munich (2d ed. 1906), supplies a valuable and comprehensive discussion and a directory and criticism of nearly all æsthetic theories since Kant. Especial mention should be made of A. W. Schlegel's _Vorlesungen über dramatische Kunst und Litteratur_ (1817), translated into English in the Bohn edition; and to Hegel's _Vorlesungen über die Æsthetik_, which closes with a discussion of dramatic poetry that has been suggestive of much later theorizing. FOOTNOTES: [1] For a discussion of an earlier meaning of the term "melodrama" and the origin of its present use, see chap. x. CHAPTER II THE MEDIEVAL AND THE CLASSICAL INFLUENCES