I. THE CIVILIAN AND THE SOLDIER 15 II. HEALTH 21 III. DISEASE 33 IV. VERMIN 46 V. HEALTH AND OFFICERS 50 VI. COVER AND TRENCHES 62 VII. PROTECTION OF TRENCHES 80 VIII. ARTILLERY FIRE 90 IX. GAS AND LIQUID FIRE 97 X. THE ATTACK--DEFENCE 101 XI. THE ATTACK--OFFENCE 104 XII. EQUIPMENT FOR THE FIELD 116 XIII. TRICKS FOR THE TRENCHES 124 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE BRITISH "TANK" IN ACTION _Frontispiece_ FIGURE 1. SHOWING USE OF NATURAL COVER BY SOLDIER LYING DOWN 22 2. SHOWING USE OF SANDBAG AND EARTH FOR PROTECTION 22 3. SHOWING POSITION OF BODY BEHIND EARTH, AND DIRECTION OF FIRE ROUND RIGHT SIDE OF COVER 26 4. TRENCH SYSTEM SHOWING FIRE, SUPPORT AND RESERVE TRENCHES; REDOUBTS; COMMUNICATING TRENCHES; SAPS; LISTENING POSTS, ETC. 28 5. SHOWING METHOD OF CUTTING TRENCH; PARAPET AND PARADOS; DRAINAGE 28 6. SHOWING REVETTING; FLOORING MADE OF BOARDS AND CHICKEN WIRE; DRAINAGE 30 7. TRENCH WITH SIMPLE DUGOUT UNDER PARAPET 32 8. FINISHED DUGOUT, 6'X4'X4' WITH DEEP ENTRANCE AND SHRAPNEL-PROOFING 32 9. FINISHED TRENCH SHOWING PARAPET AND PARADOS; FIRING STEP OF EARTH; FLOORING; AND SHELTER DUGOUT UNDER PARADOS 34 10. MACHINE GUN POSITION WITH HEAVY OVERHEAD COVER 36 11. SIMPLE ENTANGLEMENTS MADE OF BARBED WIRE AND ROUGH POSTS 42 12. TRENCH PERISCOPES 46 13. SIMPLE LOOPHOLE MADE OF STEEL PLATE LET INTO PARAPET 52 14. ORDINARY HAND BOMB WITH FUSE LIGHTED AUTOMATICALLY AS LEVER IS RELEASED 52 15. TRENCH BOMB GUN FIRING BOMB WITH STEM; AND TRENCH MORTAR FIRING LARGE BOMB 54 16. SIMPLE GAS MASK WITH FLUTTER VALVE OR CHECK VALVE. AMBULANCE DOGS AND HORSES IN THE GAS ZONE WERE EQUIPPED AS SHOWN 56 17. BRITISH SOLDIER FULLY EQUIPPED WITH PACK, ENTRENCHING TOOL, SANDBAGS AND STEEL HELMET 78 TRAINING FOR THE TRENCHES TRAINING FOR THE TRENCHES CHAPTER I THE CIVILIAN AND THE SOLDIER