The two negatives _mo_ and _poo_, are of great use in the spoken language. The first is generally used with the verb _yeu_ to have, and always implies a want or deficiency, as, _mo yeu nai_, there is no milk; _mo yeu tcha_, you can have no tea, I have no tea, there is no tea, &c. _Poo_ is generally used to express qualities of an opposite nature, as, _hau_, good, _poo hau_, bad; _je_, hot; _poo je_, cold; _ta_, great; _poo ta_, little. The usual salutation between friends is _hau-poo-hau_, well, or not well? The limits I have prescribed for the present work will not allow me to enter into a more detailed account of this singular language. What has been said may serve to convey a general idea of the written character, and the simple construction of the spoken language. I shall now endeavour, in a few words, to explain the nature and construction of the Mantchoo Tartar character, which, if the present family continue on the throne for a century longer, will, in all probability, supplant the Chinese, or will at least become the court language. In the enunciation it is full, sonorous, and far from being disagreeable, more like the Greek than any of the oriental languages; and it abounds with all those letters which the Chinese have rejected, particularly with the letters B and R. It is alphabetic, or, more properly speaking, syllabic, and the different parts of speech are susceptible of expressing number, case, gender, time, modes of action, passion, and other accidents, similar to those of European languages. This is effected either by change of termination, preposition, or interposition. The character is extremely beautiful, and it is written, like the Chinese, in perpendicular columns, but beginning on the left side of the paper instead of the right, as is the case in writing the former language. The elements of the language are comprized in twelve classes of simple sounds or monosyllables, from the different combinations of which all the words of the Mantchoo language are formed. These classes are distinguished by the terminations. The first class ends in a, e, i, o, u, pronounced exactly as the Italian. The second, in ai, ei, iei, oi, ui. The third, in ar, er, ir, or, ur, air, &c. The fourth, in an, en, in, &c. The fifth, in ang, eng, ing, &c. The sixth, in ak, ek, ik, &c. The seventh, in as, es, is, &c. The eighth, in at, et, it, &c. The ninth, in ap, ep, ip, &c. The tenth, in au, eu, iu, ou. The eleventh, in al, el, il, &c. The twelfth, in am, em, im, &c. The initials are, A. E. F. H. I. K. L. M. N. O. P. R. S. T. U. Y. To give some idea of the character, I subjoin the written elements. 1st Class. a e i o u [Manchu letters] 2d Class. ai ei iei oi ui [Manchu letters] 3d Class. ar er ir or ur [Manchu letters] 4th Class. an en in on un [Manchu letters] 5th Class. ang eng ing ong ung [Manchu letters] 6th Class. ak ek ik ok uk [Manchu letters]