15. I would observe on the subject of inflating the stomach, that by distending it with oxygen gas the application of this fluid does not produce more prominent folds, and therefore no stronger contraction, than when carbonic acid gas is used for the same purpose. This experiment presents a result very similar to what I have observed when I have rendered animals emphysematous by different æriform fluids. Frogs and Guinea pigs (these are the two kinds I have chosen, the one being an animal of red and cold, and the other of red and warm blood) presented very little difference in their irritability, or their Galvanic susceptibility, whether inflated with oxygen gas or with carbonic acid gas. They live very well with this artificial emphysema, which gradually disappears. Inflation with nitrous gas is always mortal, and its contact appears to strike the muscles with atony. The stomach distended with it very soon loses its power of contracting, and its folds disappear. Here, as in all the experiments which have the vital powers for their object, we frequently obtain very variable results. 16. It follows, from what we have said respecting the folds of mucous membranes, that in the contraction of the hollow organs, which are lined by them, they suffer but a very trifling diminution of surface, they scarcely contract at all, but fold themselves within; so that in dissecting them upon their contracted organ, we have an extent of surface nearly equal to that which they present during its dilatation. This assertion, which is true concerning the stomach, the œsophagus, and the intestines, is, perhaps, not quite so as respects the bladder, whose contraction does not show within such prominent folds, but they are sufficiently marked to bring the mucous membrane of this organ under the general law. It is, also, nearly the same with the gall bladder; yet we find here another cause; observed alternately, in a state of hunger and during digestion, it will be found to contain double the quantity of bile in the former case that it does in the latter, as I have had the opportunity of seeing in numerous instances, in experiments made with this object in view, or with other intentions. Now, when it has evacuated part of its contents it does not contract upon the remainder of the bile, with the energy of the stomach when it contains but little food, nor with the power of the bladder when it contains but a small quantity of urine, but is then flaccid, so that its distention or nondistention has but very trifling influence upon the folds of its mucous membranes.