Many shrubby plants are introduced; some because they occasionally grow quite tree-like, others because they can readily be trimmed into tree-forms, others because they grow very tall, and still others because they are trees in the Southern States. In nomenclature a conservative course has been adopted. The most extensively used text-book on the subject of Botany, "Gray's Manual," has recently been rewritten. That work includes every species, native and naturalized, of the region covered by this book, and the names as given in that edition have been used in all cases. Scientific names are marked so as to indicate the pronunciation. The vowel of the accented syllable is marked by the grave accent (`) if long, and by the acute (´) if short. In the preparation of this book the author has received much valuable aid. His thanks are especially due to the authorities of the Arnold Arboretum, Boston, Massachusetts, and of the Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, for information in regard to the hardiness of species; to Mr. John H. Redfield, of the Botanical Department of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, for books, specimens from which to make illustrations, etc.; and to Dr. A. C. Stokes, of Trenton, New Jersey, for assistance in many ways, but especially for the accurate manner in which he has inked the illustrations from the author's pencil-drawings. The author also wishes to acknowledge the help received from many nurserymen in gathering specimens for illustration and in giving information of great value. Among these, special thanks are due to Mr. Samuel C. Moon, of Morrisville Nurseries, who placed his large collection of living specimens at the author's disposal, and in many other ways gave him much intelligent aid. CONTENTS. PAGE. PART I. ESSENTIAL ORGANS, AND TERMS NEEDED FOR THEIR DESCRIPTION 9-43 CHAPTER I. Roots 9 CHAPTER II. Stems and Branches 11 CHAPTER III. Leaves 17 CHAPTER IV. Flowers and Fruit 24 CHAPTER V. Winter Study of Trees 29 CHAPTER VI. The Preparation of a Collection 35 CHAPTER VII. Figures to be used in Botanical Description 38 PART II. PLAN AND MODELS FOR TREE DESCRIPTION 44-50 PART III. KEY, CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES 51-201 * * * * * GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS, AND INDEX TO PART I 203-212 INDEX TO PART III 213-224 TREES. PART I. THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS, AND THE TERMS NEEDED FOR THEIR DESCRIPTION. CHAPTER I. _Roots._