Q. Witness, you spoke yesterday of a number of experiments carried out in the United States and in other countries outside of Germany. For example, pellagra, swamp fever, beri-beri, plague, etc. Now, I should like to have a very clear answer from you to the following question. In these experiments which you heard of partly from persons involved in them and partly from international literature, did deaths occur during the experiments and as a result of the experiments or not? Professor, I ask you this question because you said yesterday that you examined all international literature concerning this question and, therefore, have a certain specialized knowledge on this question. A. I also said that when one reviews the literature, he cannot be sure that he has done a complete or perfect job. So far as the reports I have read and presented yesterday are concerned, there were no deaths in trench fever. There were no deaths mentioned, to my knowledge, in the article on pellagra. There were no deaths mentioned, to my knowledge, in the article on beri-beri, and there were no deaths in the article, according to my knowledge, in Colonel Strong’s article on plague. I would not testify that I have read all the articles in the medical literature involving the use of human beings as subjects in medical experiments. Q. And, in the literature which you have read, Witness, there was not a single case where deaths occurred? Did I understand you correctly? A. Yes. In the yellow fever experiments I indicated that Dr. Carroll and Dr. Lazare died. Q. That is the only case you know of? A. That’s all that I know of. * * * * * EXTRACT FROM THE TESTIMONY OF DEFENDANT ROSE[29] _CROSS-EXAMINATION_ * * * * * MR. MCHANEY: Now, would the extreme necessity for the large scale production of typhus vaccines and the resultant experiments on human beings in concentration camps have arisen had not Germany been engaged in a war? DEFENDANT ROSE: That question cannot simply be answered with “yes” or “no”. It is, on the whole, not very probable that without the war, typhus would have broken out in the German camps, but it is not altogether beyond the bounds of possibility because in times of peace too typhus has broken out in individual cases from time to time. The primary danger in the camps is the louse danger, and infection by lice also occurs in times of peace. If typhus breaks out in a camp that is infected with lice, a typhus epidemic can arise in peacetime too, of course. Q. But Germany had never experienced any difficulty with typhus before the war. Isn’t that right? A. Not for many decades, no. Q. You stated that nine hundred persons were used in Dr. Strong’s plague experiments? A. Yes, I know that number from the literature on the subject. Q. What is the usual mortality in plague?