At the same time it must be remembered that the identity or difference in these cases is in the reckoning in wheat-grains, and that there was room for some variation in the actual weight of the coins. V. THE MINAS WHICH SURVIVED IN USE SIDE BY SIDE WITH THE ROMAN POUND. According to the writers of the Merovingian and later period collected by Hultsch,[12] the Roman pound was not the only standard of weight which was in customary use in Europe. [Sidenote: The gold mina of 200 gold solidi.] We have seen that the commonly prevalent wergeld of 200 gold solidi was in fact the same thing, in wheat-grains, as the heavy Eastern and Greek gold mina of 19,200 wheat-grains. But besides this, there were two other minas of interest to this inquiry which seem to have been more or less locally in use, and more or less connected with the wergelds. [Sidenote: The _mina Italica_ of 240 scripula of 24 wheat-grains or 20 Roman ounces.] It seems that the Roman pound of 12 ounces was not the only pound in use in Italy. A still older Roman pound of 10 Roman ounces or 5760 wheat-grains seems to have existed,[13] which was in fact a pound of 240 scripula of 24 wheat-grains. And two of these pounds made what was called the _mina Italica_ of 20 Roman ounces. This mina Italica survived into Merovingian times. It contained 480 Roman scripula, and according to authorities quoted by Hultsch[14] the _scripulum_ was so far a common unit in Gaul as to have earned the name of the _denarius Gallicus_. The number of Roman wheat-grains in the mina Italica was 11,520. Its weight was 545 grammes. In the Merovingian formulæ and in the early charters of St. Gall there are constant references to fines of so many _libræ_ of gold and so many _pondera_ of silver, from which the inference may be drawn that the pondus of silver was a different weight from the libra of gold. Whether the older Roman pound or half-mina-Italica was the ‘pondus’ or not, the fact that it consisted of 240 scripula may possibly have made it a precedent for the monetary mode of reckoning of 240 pence to the pound, adopted by the Franks and Anglo-Saxons. This mina Italica has also a Celtic interest. It is curious to note that whilst so late as the tenth century the Cymric galanas or wergeld was paid in cows, the cow was equated with a monetary reckoning in scores of pence, or _unciæ argenti_, of which twelve made a pound of 240 pence. At the same time in the Cymric Codes there are mentioned, as we shall find, two kinds of pence: the _legal_ pence, probably those current at the time in England of 32 w.g., and the _curt_ pence or scripula of one third less, viz. 24 w.g. Now, whilst 240 of the former would equal the pound of the _nova moneta_ of Charlemagne, and of later Anglo-Saxon reckoning, 240 of the _curt_ pence or scripula would equal the older Roman pound or half-mina-Italica.