Birds present the same mixture of the two types; but the wild turkeys (Meleagris), the passenger pigeon (Ectopistes), the crested quails (Lophortyx, &c.), the ruffed grouse (Cupidonia), and some other groups of less importance, are peculiar; while the family of the wood warblers (Mniotiltidæ) is so largely developed that it may claim to be more characteristic of North than of South America. Reptiles and Amphibia present a number of peculiar types; while no less than five peculiar families of fresh-water fishes would alone serve to mark out this as distinct from every other part of the world. Considering the evident affinity between the Nearctic and Palæarctic regions, there are here some curious deficiencies of groups which are common and widely spread in the latter. Thus hedgehogs, wild horses and asses, swine, true oxen, goats, dormice, and true mice are absent; while sheep and antelopes are only represented by solitary species in the Rocky Mountains. Among birds, too, we have such striking deficiencies as the extensive families of flycatchers, starlings, and pheasants. Turning now to the Neotropical region, comprising all South America and the tropical parts of the northern continent, we find that the Old World types have still further diminished, while a number of new and altogether peculiar forms have taken their place. Insectivora have wholly disappeared with the exception of one anomalous form in the greater Antilles; bears are represented by one Chilian species; swine are replaced by peccaries; the great Bovine family are entirely unknown; the camel tribe are confined to the Southern Andes and the south-temperate plains; deer are not numerous; and all the varied Ungulata of the Old World are represented only by a few species of tapirs. These great gaps are, however, to some extent filled up by a variety of interesting and peculiar types. Two families of monkeys (Cebidæ and Hapalidæ) differ in many points of structure from all the Quadrumana of the eastern hemisphere. There is a peculiar family of bats--the vampyres; many peculiar weasels and Procyonidæ; a host of peculiar rodents, comprising five distinct families, among which are the largest living forms of the order; and a great number of Edentata, comprising the families of the sloths, armadillos, and ant-eaters; and lastly, a considerable number of the marsupial family of opossums. As compared with the Old World, we find here a great abundance and variety of the lower types, with a corresponding scarcity of such higher forms as characterise the tropics of Africa and Asia.