Land and sea, peculiar distribution of, 311 existing distribution of, very ancient, 312 Leaf-insects, 92 Leaves, supposed use of odours of, 277 Lemuria, an hypothetical continent, not required, 328 _Leopoldinia major_, 45 Lepidoptera, diurnal, 72 Leptalis, a good case of mimicry, 189 _Leptena erastus_, 256 Light, theory of, as producing colours, 161 action of, on plants, 222 supposed direct action of, on colours of flowers and fruits, 236 Lizards, 111 Local causes of colour-development, 216 Locusts, richly-coloured tropical, 94 Longicorns, 95 _Lophornis ornatus_, very pugnacious, 214 Lord Howe’s Island, white rail in, 264 Lubbock, Sir John, on colour-perception in insects, 255 M. Macaws, 100 Madagascar, white-marked butterflies of, 260 Madagascar once united to Africa, 325 Madagascar and Malaya, resemblances of fauna of, 328 Male birds, origin of ornamental plumage of, 205 Male birds which incubate, 212 Male humming-birds produce a shriller sound, 215 Males, theory of display of ornaments by, 207 _Malva sylvestris_, _M. rotundifolia_, 233 Mammals, 116 Mammalia, supposed variations of, comparable to those of butterflies, 261 local resemblances of, in Africa, 262 Mammalia of Palæarctic Region, 315 of Ethiopian Region, 317 of Oriental Region, 319 of Miocene period in Euro-Asia, 321 Man, antiquity and origin of, 280 indications of extreme antiquity of, 285 highly developed at very early period, 286 antiquity of intellectual, 290 Mangroves, 58 _Manicaria saccifera_, 41 Mantidæ, 91 Mantis resembling an orchis-flower, 173 Marantaceæ, 47 Marmosets, 118 Marshall, Messrs. on barbets, 106 Martins, M. Charles, on increased size of leaves of arctic plants, 236 Mates readily found by birds, 200 Mauritia, palm, 40 _Maximiliana regia_, 41 Meiglyptes, 150 Meldola, Mr. R., on variable colouring in insects, 170 Meliphagidæ in Auckland Isles probably flower-fertilizers, 239 Melliss, Mr., on flora of St. Helena, 275 Migrations between N. America and Euro-Asia, 334 between N. America and South America, 335 Mesembryanthemum, stone, 223 Meteorological phenomena, intensity of, at the equator, 23 Mimicry, theory of, 189 _Mimosa pudica_, 59 Mivart, Professor, on animal origin of man, 284 on the divergent affinities of man and apes, 288 Mongredien, Mr., on showy and fragrant flowers, 230 Monkeys, 116 Monkeys and pigeons, 102 Moseley, Mr., on humming-birds of Juan Fernandez, 143 Moseley, Mr. H. N., on birds conveying seeds to islands, 268 Moths, conspicuously-coloured caterpillars of, uneatable, 175 Motmots, 105 Mott, Mr. Albert, on antiquity of intellectual man, 291 Mounds of N. America, antiquity of, 296 Mound-builders, a semi-civilized race, 297