“By connecting with the stopcocks by means of a rubber hose, a movable light, chandelier, or ‘Christmas-tree’ of any required number of burners is used, thus concentrating the light in the immediate vicinity of the work, and also enabling the illumination to be carried into the cavities or ‘crow-nests,’ so called, behind the defective old lining. “This method of illuminating has proved very satisfactory and quite economical. It is especially valuable as enabling good work to be done, and facilitating a thorough inspection of the same.” =Electric Lighting.=--By far the most perfect, and at present the most commonly employed means for lighting tunnel workings, is electricity. The light furnished by electric lamps is steady and brilliant, and does not consume oxygen or give off offensive gases. The wires are easily removed and extended, and the lamps are easily put in place and removed. About the only objection to the method is the fragility of the lamps, which are easily broken by the flying stones and the concussion produced by blasting. CHAPTER XXV. THE COST OF TUNNEL EXCAVATION AND THE TIME REQUIRED FOR THE WORK. =Cost.=--The cost of a tunnel will depend upon the cost of the two principal operations required in its construction, viz., the excavation of the cross section and the lining of the excavation with masonry, metal, or timber. These two operations may in turn be subdivided, in respect to expense, into cost of labor and cost of materials. It is a comparatively simple matter to calculate the cost of the building materials required to construct a tunnel; but it is very difficult to estimate with accuracy what the cost of labor will be. The reason for this is that it is impossible to foresee exactly what the conditions will be; the character of the material may change greatly as the work proceeds, increasing or decreasing the cost of excavation; water may be encountered in quantities which will materially increase the difficulties of the work, etc. Nevertheless, while accurate preliminary estimates of cost are not practicable, it is always desirable to attempt to obtain some idea of the probable expense of the work before beginning it, and the more usual means of getting at this point will be discussed here.