Excavation of heading $8 to $10.00 per cu. yd. Tunnel in soft ground 8 to 9.00 „ „ „ Tunnel in rock 7 to 8.50 „ „ „ Brick masonry 10.00 „ „ „ Timber in place $40 per M. ft. B. M. It is the practice in America to include the work of hauling under excavation, but not to include the strutting, which is paid for separately. In some cases only the market price of the timber is paid for separately, the cost of setting up being included in the price of excavation. The writer prefers the European practice of including the total cost of timbering under excavation, since the two operations are so closely connected, and since the contractor employs the same timber over and over again. Knowing the dimensions of the several members of the strutting, it is a simple, although somewhat tedious, process to calculate the total quantity required. An idea of the quantity of timber required for strutting in soft ground may be had from the data given on page 55. The quantity will decrease as the cohesion of the material penetrated increases, until it becomes so small in hard rock-tunnels as to cut very little figure in the total cost. The cost of hoisting excavated materials through shafts depends upon the depth from which it is hoisted, and upon the character of hoisting apparatus employed. The following table, showing the cost of hoisting for different lifts and by different methods, is given by Rziha, the cost being in francs per cubic meter:-- +-------+----------+----------------------+-------------+ | HEIGHT| WINDLASS.| HORSE GINS. |STEAM HOISTS.| | IN +----------+----------+-----------+-------------+ |METRES.| |ONE HORSE.|TWO HORSES.| | | | Francs | Francs | Francs | Francs | | |per Cu. M.|per Cu. M.| per Cu. M.| per Cu. M. | +-------+----------+----------+-----------+-------------+ | 15 | 0.172 | 0.077 | 0.062 | 0.035 | | 30 | 0.212 | 0.087 | 0.070 | 0.045 | | 45 | 0.257 | 0.100 | 0.080 | 0.050 | | 60 | 0.305 | 0.112 | 0.092 | 0.082 | | 90 | 0.410 | 0.152 | 0.110 | 0.087 | | 120 | 0.535 | 0.195 | 0.135 | 0.092 | | 150 | 0.722 | 0.240 | 0.157 | 0.112 | +-------+----------+----------+-----------+-------------+